META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $357 | Benefits minus costs | ($1,413) | |||
Participants | $388 | Benefit to cost ratio | $0.18 | |||
Others | $335 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | ($763) | benefits greater than the costs | 12 % | |||
Total benefits | $316 | |||||
Net program cost | ($1,729) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | ($1,413) | |||||
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | |||||
Benefits from changes to:1 | Benefits to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
|
Crime | $15 | $0 | $35 | $8 | $58 |
Labor market earnings associated with high school graduation | $172 | $378 | $173 | $0 | $723 |
K-12 grade repetition | $2 | $0 | $0 | $1 | $3 |
K-12 special education | $76 | $0 | $0 | $37 | $113 |
Health care associated with disruptive behavior disorder | $109 | $35 | $135 | $54 | $333 |
Costs of higher education | ($17) | ($26) | ($8) | ($8) | ($60) |
Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($854) | ($854) |
Totals | $357 | $388 | $335 | ($763) | $316 |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $2,610 | 2013 | Present value of net program costs (in 2016 dollars) | ($1,729) |
Comparison costs | $881 | 2010 | Cost range (+ or -) | 10 % |
Estimated Cumulative Net Benefits Over Time (Non-Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in non-discounted dollars to simplify the “break-even” point from a budgeting perspective. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | |||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Primary or secondary participant | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes (ES) and standard errors (SE) used in the benefit-cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | ||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | ||||
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms | Primary | 2 | 106 | -0.170 | 0.140 | 7 | -0.001 | 0.011 | 8 | -0.566 | 0.001 |
Disruptive behavior disorder symptoms | Primary | 5 | 319 | -0.105 | 0.084 | 7 | -0.050 | 0.048 | 10 | -0.584 | 0.007 |
Internalizing symptoms | Primary | 2 | 193 | -0.067 | 0.106 | 7 | -0.049 | 0.085 | 9 | -0.245 | 0.200 |
Parental stress^ | Secondary | 1 | 20 | -0.412 | 0.312 | 26 | -0.214 | 0.382 | 27 | -0.737 | 0.021 |
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