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Text message interventions for parents to support academic achievement for students in K-12

Pre-K to 12 Education
Benefit-cost methods last updated December 2024.  Literature review updated November 2020.
Text message interventions aim to support academic achievement by sending regular messages to the parents of children in kindergarten through 12th grade. Text message frequency and content varies across studies and may contain general or personalized messages that include reading resources, teaching practices, and/or reminders about student assignments. Among studies included in this analysis, parents received two texts per week for seven months, on average, to encourage behavior that supports their children’s academic achievement.
 
ALL
BENEFIT-COST
META-ANALYSIS
CITATIONS
For an overview of WSIPP's Benefit-Cost Model, please see this guide. The estimates shown are present value, life cycle benefits and costs. All dollars are expressed in the base year chosen for this analysis (2023).  The chance the benefits exceed the costs are derived from a Monte Carlo risk analysis. The details on this, as well as the economic discount rates and other relevant parameters are described in our Technical Documentation.
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant
Benefits to:
Taxpayers $1,143 Benefits minus costs $5,239
Participants $2,694 Benefit to cost ratio $436.24
Others $1,420 Chance the program will produce
Indirect ($6) benefits greater than the costs 60%
Total benefits $5,251
Net program cost ($12)
Benefits minus cost $5,239

^WSIPP’s benefit-cost model does not monetize this outcome.

Meta-analysis is a statistical method to combine the results from separate studies on a program, policy, or topic to estimate its effect on an outcome. WSIPP systematically evaluates all credible evaluations we can locate on each topic. The outcomes measured are the program impacts measured in the research literature (for example, impacts on crime or educational attainment). Treatment N represents the total number of individuals or units in the treatment group across the included studies.

An effect size (ES) is a standard metric that summarizes the degree to which a program or policy affects a measured outcome. If the effect size is positive, the outcome increases. If the effect size is negative, the outcome decreases. See Estimating Program Effects Using Effect Sizes for additional information on how we estimate effect sizes.

The effect size may be adjusted from the unadjusted effect size estimated in the meta-analysis. Historically, WSIPP adjusted effect sizes to some programs based on the methodological characteristics of the study. For programs reviewed in 2024 or later, we do not make additional adjustments, and we use the unadjusted effect size whenever we run a benefit-cost analysis.

Research shows the magnitude of effects may change over time. For those effect sizes, we estimate outcome-based adjustments, which we apply between the first time ES is estimated and the second time ES is estimated. More details about these adjustments can be found in our Technical Documentation.

Meta-Analysis of Program Effects
Outcomes measured Treatment age No. of effect sizes Treatment N Effect sizes (ES) and standard errors (SE) used in the benefit-cost analysis Unadjusted effect size (random effects model)
First time ES is estimated Second time ES is estimated
ES SE Age ES SE Age ES p-value
Grade point average^
Non-standardized measure of student performance calculated across subjects.
9 1 139 0.235 0.120 9 n/a n/a n/a 0.235 0.050
Test scores
Standardized, validated tests of academic achievement.
9 2 276 0.038 0.085 9 0.023 0.094 17 0.088 0.301
1In addition to the outcomes measured in the meta-analysis table, WSIPP measures benefits and costs estimated from other outcomes associated with those reported in the evaluation literature. For example, empirical research demonstrates that high school graduation leads to reduced crime. These associated measures provide a more complete picture of the detailed costs and benefits of the program.

2“Others” includes benefits to people other than taxpayers and participants. Depending on the program, it could include reductions in crime victimization, the economic benefits from a more educated workforce, and the benefits from employer-paid health insurance.

3“Indirect benefits” includes estimates of the net changes in the value of a statistical life and net changes in the deadweight costs of taxation.
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant
Affected outcome: Resulting benefits:1 Benefits accrue to:
Taxpayers Participants Others2 Indirect3 Total
Test scores Labor market earnings associated with test scores $1,143 $2,694 $1,420 $0 $5,257
Program cost Adjustment for deadweight cost of program $0 $0 $0 ($6) ($6)
Totals $1,143 $2,694 $1,420 ($6) $5,251
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Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant
Annual cost Year dollars Summary
Program costs $10 2019 Present value of net program costs (in 2023 dollars) ($12)
Comparison costs $0 2019 Cost range (+ or -) 30%
Cost estimates vary across studies and may include training, software used to automate text delivery, and staffing time to compose message content. We estimate an average per-participant cost based on the following sources: Bergman (2015); Kraft, M.A., & Rogers, T. (2015). The underutilized potential of teacher-to-parent communication: Evidence from a field experiment. Economics of Education Review, 47, 49-63.; and Bergman, L.S., & Chan, E.W. (2017). Leveraging technology to engage parents at scale: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. CESifo Working Paper, No. 6493. Center for Economic Studies Institute.
The figures shown are estimates of the costs to implement programs in Washington. The comparison group costs reflect either no treatment or treatment as usual, depending on how effect sizes were calculated in the meta-analysis. The cost range reported above reflects potential variation or uncertainty in the cost estimate; more detail can be found in our Technical Documentation.
Benefits Minus Costs
Benefits by Perspective
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars)
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment.

Citations Used in the Meta-Analysis

Bergman, P. (2015). Parent-child information frictions and human capital investment: Evidence from a field experiment. CESifo. Working Paper Series No. 5391.

Doss, C.J., Fahle, E.M., Loeb, S., & York, B.N. (2018). More than just a nudge: Supporting kindergarten parents with differentiated and personalized text-messages. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper No. 24450.

Kraft, M.A., & Monti-Nussbaum, M. (2017). Can schools empower parents to prevent summer learning loss? A text messaging field experiment to promote literacy skills. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political Social Science.