Benefit-Cost Results

Since the 1990s, the Washington State legislature has directed WSIPP to identify “evidence-based” policies. The goal is to provide Washington policymakers and budget writers with a list of well-researched public policies that can, with a high degree of certainty, lead to better statewide outcomes coupled with a more efficient use of taxpayer dollars.

Research Approach. WSIPP has developed a three-step process to draw conclusions about what works and what does not to achieve particular outcomes of legislative interest. First, we systematically assess all high-quality studies from the United States and elsewhere to identify policy options that have been tested and found to achieve improvements in outcomes. Second, we determine how much it would cost Washington taxpayers to produce the results found in Step 1, and calculate how much it would be worth to people in Washington State to achieve the improved outcome. That is, in dollars and cents terms, we compare the benefits and costs of each policy option. It is important to note that the benefit-cost estimates pertain specifically to Washington State; results will vary from state to state. Third, we assess the risk in the estimates to determine the odds that a particular policy option will at least break even. ...show more

WSIPP acknowledges the MacArthur Foundation and the Pew Charitable Trusts that have helped fund some of the research reported on this page.

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Overview of WSIPP's Benefit-Cost Model

Estimating Program Effects Using Effect Sizes

For details on our benefit-cost methods, contact Heather Grob or download our Technical Documentation.

Latest Results. The tables on this webpage present our current findings for a variety of public policy topics. Items on these tables are updated periodically as new information becomes available. Interested readers can find more information by clicking each entry in the tables.

Use the search fields below to find specific benefit-cost results that match certain criteria. If you want to find other information on our website that is not benefit-cost results, you can use the search field in the navigation bar at the top, or click here to search the entire website.

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Benefit-cost methods last updated December 2023

Current estimates replace old estimates. Numbers will change over time as a result of model inputs and monetization methods.

Juvenile Justice

For questions on benefit-cost results relating to Juvenile Justice, contact Paige Wanner.

Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Functional Family Therapy (FFT) for youth post-release	Mar. 2019	$165,893	$38,110	$127,782	($8,857)	$157,036	$18.73	100%
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for youth in state institutions	Jun. 2019	$55,193	$11,616	$43,577	($1,693)	$53,499	$32.59	93%
Intensive supervision for court-involved youth (vs. confinement in state institutions)	Jul. 2019	$19,243	$968	$18,276	$29,097	$48,340	n/a	100%
Other (non-name brand) family-based therapies for court-involved youth	Jul. 2019	$45,682	$11,923	$33,759	($3,355)	$42,327	$13.62	92%
Parenting with Love and Limits (PLL) for court-involved/post-release youth	Jul. 2019	$35,164	$8,525	$26,639	$3,101	$38,265	n/a	100%
Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC) (vs. group homes) for court-involved youth	Jun. 2019	$45,436	$12,815	$32,620	($10,555)	$34,880	$4.30	90%
Therapeutic communities for youth in state institutions with substance use disorder	Aug. 2017	$40,269	$9,568	$30,701	($5,556)	$34,714	$7.25	99%
Mentoring for youth post-release (including volunteer costs)	Jun. 2019	$37,247	$8,461	$28,787	($3,973)	$33,274	$9.37	94%
Other (non-therapeutic communities) substance use disorder treatment for youth in state institutions	Aug. 2017	$32,531	$7,153	$25,377	($3,826)	$28,705	$8.50	71%
Step Up for court-involved youth	Feb. 2019	$27,613	$7,086	$20,526	($1,554)	$26,059	$17.77	82%
Adolescent Diversion Project (ADP) (vs. traditional juvenile court processing)	Jun. 2019	$25,459	$6,540	$18,919	$395	$25,854	n/a	100%
Education and Employment Training (EET, King County) for court-involved youth	Feb. 2019	$28,630	$7,868	$20,762	($3,411)	$25,219	$8.39	99%
Teaching-Family Model group homes (vs. other group homes) for court-involved youth	Mar. 2019	$29,441	$7,707	$21,734	($5,557)	$23,884	$5.30	88%
Mentoring for court-involved youth (including volunteer costs)	Jun. 2019	$24,930	$7,257	$17,673	($3,064)	$21,867	$8.14	85%
Multisystemic Therapy (MST) for court-involved/post-release youth	May. 2019	$28,562	$8,069	$20,493	($9,486)	$19,076	$3.01	99%
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for youth in state institutions	Jul. 2019	$18,495	$4,023	$14,472	($352)	$18,144	$52.60	70%
Functional Family Probation and Parole (FFP) for court-involved/post-release youth	Aug. 2019	$20,889	$5,156	$15,733	($4,636)	$16,253	$4.51	74%
Teen courts (vs. traditional juvenile court processing)	May. 2019	$12,186	$3,025	$9,161	$1,448	$13,634	n/a	85%
Diversion, no services (vs. traditional juvenile court processing)	May. 2019	$9,420	$2,248	$7,172	$1,799	$11,219	n/a	99%
Multisystemic Therapy-Problem Sexual Behavior (MST-PSB) for court-involved youth	May. 2019	$25,668	$9,459	$16,210	($16,566)	$9,102	$1.55	59%
Vocational and employment training for court-involved youth	Jul. 2019	$10,451	$2,964	$7,486	($2,513)	$7,938	$4.16	82%
Diversion with services (vs. traditional juvenile court processing)	May. 2019	$6,196	$1,477	$4,719	$1,431	$7,628	n/a	100%
Boot camps (vs. confinement in state institutions)	Apr. 2018	$2,164	$106	$2,058	$3,374	$5,539	n/a	61%
Multisystemic Therapy-Substance Abuse (MST-SA) for court-involved youth	May. 2019	$15,134	$5,008	$10,126	($9,605)	$5,529	$1.58	59%
Coordination of Services (COS) for court-involved youth	Feb. 2019	$5,667	$1,637	$4,030	($494)	$5,172	$11.46	95%
Drug court	Jul. 2019	$3,144	$817	$2,328	($59)	$3,086	$53.55	65%
Restorative justice conferencing or victim offender mediation for court-involved youth	Aug. 2019	$1,925	$368	$1,557	$1,099	$3,024	n/a	78%
Multisystemic Therapy-Family Integrated Transitions (MST-FIT) for youth in state institutions	Feb. 2019	$16,496	$5,089	$11,407	($14,083)	$2,413	$1.17	53%
TeamChild for court-involved youth	Mar. 2019	$3,065	$970	$2,095	($1,820)	$1,245	$1.68	57%
Therapeutic communities (vs. group homes) for court-involved youth with substance use disorder	Aug. 2017	$1,358	$701	$657	($2,482)	($1,123)	$0.55	48%
Diversion with services (vs. simple release)	May. 2019	($544)	$8	($551)	($1,144)	($1,688)	($0.48)	33%
Other (non-therapeutic communities) substance use disorder treatment for court-involved youth	Aug. 2017	$1,201	$1,010	$191	($3,508)	($2,306)	$0.34	44%
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for court-involved youth	Jul. 2019	($2,312)	($558)	($1,754)	($166)	($2,478)	($13.96)	41%
Vocational and employment training for youth in state institutions	Jul. 2019	($1,756)	($202)	($1,553)	($938)	($2,693)	($1.87)	44%
Functional Family Therapy (FFT) for court-involved youth	Jun. 2023	$1,563	$974	$588	($4,574)	($3,011)	$0.34	41%
Intensive supervision for court-involved youth (vs. traditional probation)	Jul. 2019	($3,245)	($781)	($2,464)	($593)	($3,839)	($5.47)	29%
Aggression Replacement Training (ART) for court-involved/post-release youth	Jun. 2019	($2,842)	($480)	($2,362)	($1,889)	($4,731)	($1.50)	23%
Sexual Abuse Family Education and Treatment Program (SAFE-T) for court-involved youth convicted of a sex offense	Jun. 2019	$16,856	$8,685	$8,172	($28,652)	($11,795)	$0.59	24%
Teen courts (vs. diversion, no services)	May. 2019	($16,934)	($4,253)	($12,681)	($351)	($17,284)	($48.28)	2%
Intensive supervision for youth post-release (vs. traditional post-release supervision)	Jul. 2019	($12,959)	($2,278)	($10,681)	($5,465)	($18,424)	($2.37)	5%
Juvenile awareness programs (including Scared Straight) for court-involved youth	Apr. 2019	($20,005)	($5,136)	($14,870)	($32)	($20,037)	($629.90)	3%
Youth Villages LifeSet (YV LifeSet) for court-involved/post-release youth	Jul. 2019	($16,130)	($2,848)	($13,282)	($11,545)	($27,675)	($1.40)	2%

To view details of all Juvenile Justice programs in a single pdf, click here.

Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Notes
Adolescent Diversion Project (ADP) (vs. simple release)	Jun. 2019	Click for meta-analytic results
Aggression Replacement Training (ART) for youth in state institutions	Jun. 2019	Click for meta-analytic results
Equipping Youth to Help Each Other (EQUIP) for youth in state institutions	Jun. 2019	Click for meta-analytic results
Functional Family Therapy (FFT) for post-release youth convicted of a sex offense	Jul. 2019	Click for meta-analytic results
Canine training programs for youth in state institutions	May. 2019	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Comprehensive Homicide Initiative	Feb. 2020	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Connections Wraparound for court-involved youth	Jun. 2019	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for substance use disorder: Integrated Treatment Model for youth in state institutions	Jun. 2019	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Electronic monitoring for court-involved/post-release youth	Jun. 2019	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Gang Reduction Program (Los Angeles, CA)	May. 2020	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Gang Reduction Program (Richmond, VA)	May. 2020	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Girls Only Active Learning (GOAL)	Jun. 2020	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Group homes (Sanctuary Model) for youth in state institutions	May. 2019	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative (JDAI)	May. 2019	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Project Broader Urban Involvement and Leadership Development (Project BUILD) for youth in state institutions	May. 2019	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
The Missouri Approach (Missouri Model) for youth in state institutions	May. 2019	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Trauma Affect Regulation: Guide for Education and Therapy (TARGET) for youth involved in the juvenile justice system	May. 2019	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Wayne County (Michigan) Second Chance Reentry Program	May. 2019	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
You Are Not Your Past	May. 2019	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Youth Advocate Programs—Mentoring	Aug. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Wilderness adventure therapy for court-involved youth UPDATED	Dec. 2021	No rigorous evaluations measuring outcome of interest.
Click to expand

Adult Criminal Justice

For questions on benefit-cost results relating to Adult Criminal Justice, contact Paige Wanner.

Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Employment counseling and job training (transitional reentry from incarceration into the community)	Aug. 2016	$54,897	$15,844	$39,053	($2,870)	$52,027	$19.13	88%
Offender Reentry Community Safety Program (for individuals with serious mental illness)	Apr. 2012	$82,217	$28,096	$54,121	($43,165)	$39,053	$1.90	97%
Circles of Support and Accountability	Nov. 2016	$33,675	$8,172	$25,503	($4,610)	$29,065	$7.30	93%
Correctional education (post-secondary education)	Jul. 2016	$29,083	$7,931	$21,152	($1,473)	$27,609	$19.74	100%
Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative (for persons convicted of drug offenses)	Nov. 2016	$26,775	$7,963	$18,812	($1,919)	$24,856	$13.95	99%
Vocational education in prison	Jul. 2016	$21,052	$5,833	$15,220	($1,764)	$19,289	$11.94	97%
Case management ("swift, certain, and fair") for drug-involved persons	Nov. 2016	$17,692	$5,149	$12,543	$449	$18,142	n/a	99%
Electronic monitoring (probation)	Dec. 2014	$16,302	$4,606	$11,695	$1,343	$17,644	n/a	93%
Mental health courts	Oct. 2016	$20,319	$5,889	$14,430	($3,653)	$16,665	$5.56	95%
Intensive supervision (surveillance and treatment)	Dec. 2016	$15,565	$4,605	$10,960	($958)	$14,607	$16.25	100%
Reentry courts	Aug. 2016	$19,925	$6,070	$13,855	($5,803)	$14,122	$3.43	95%
Inpatient or intensive outpatient drug treatment during incarceration	Nov. 2016	$15,410	$4,299	$11,110	($1,521)	$13,889	$10.13	98%
Therapeutic communities (in the community) for individuals with co-occurring disorders	Nov. 2016	$19,495	$5,774	$13,720	($6,007)	$13,488	$3.25	65%
Correctional education (basic skills)	Jul. 2016	$14,198	$3,971	$10,227	($1,473)	$12,725	$9.64	97%
Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative (for persons convicted of property offenses)	Nov. 2016	$14,609	$4,469	$10,141	($1,919)	$12,690	$7.61	70%
Outpatient or non-intensive drug treatment during incarceration	Nov. 2016	$12,407	$3,416	$8,991	($883)	$11,524	$14.05	99%
Outpatient or non-intensive drug treatment in the community	Nov. 2016	$12,165	$3,622	$8,544	($907)	$11,259	$13.42	100%
Electronic monitoring (parole)	Dec. 2014	$9,720	$2,405	$7,314	$1,343	$11,062	n/a	100%
"Swift, certain, and fair" supervision	Jan. 2017	$10,854	$2,989	$7,865	$80	$10,934	n/a	65%
Therapeutic communities (during incarceration) for individuals with substance use disorders	Nov. 2016	$13,193	$3,502	$9,691	($2,593)	$10,600	$5.09	65%
Drug courts	Aug. 2016	$16,371	$5,746	$10,625	($5,803)	$10,567	$2.82	100%
Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI)	Aug. 2016	$26,901	$9,581	$17,320	($17,092)	$9,809	$1.57	90%
Risk Need and Responsivity supervision (for individuals classified as high- and moderate-risk)	Dec. 2016	$11,238	$3,454	$7,784	($1,617)	$9,621	$6.95	98%
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (for individuals classified as high- or moderate-risk)	Dec. 2016	$10,382	$3,209	$7,173	($1,646)	$8,736	$6.31	98%
Therapeutic communities (in the community) for individuals with substance use disorders	Nov. 2016	$12,056	$3,624	$8,432	($4,462)	$7,594	$2.70	59%
Case management (not "swift, certain, and fair") for drug-involved persons	Nov. 2016	$7,397	$1,844	$5,554	($454)	$6,943	$16.29	58%
Correctional industries in prison	Jul. 2016	$7,256	$2,005	$5,251	($572)	$6,684	$12.68	100%
Housing assistance without services	Aug. 2016	$8,965	$2,912	$6,053	($2,365)	$6,600	$3.79	92%
Work release	Jul. 2016	$5,020	$1,256	$3,765	$593	$5,614	n/a	99%
Police diversion for low-severity offenses (pre-arrest)	Mar. 2017	$4,606	$1,311	$3,296	$654	$5,261	n/a	86%
Employment counseling and job training with paid work experience in the community	Aug. 2016	$11,102	$4,164	$6,938	($6,326)	$4,776	$1.76	59%
Day reporting centers	Oct. 2016	$9,283	$3,341	$5,942	($4,694)	$4,589	$1.98	76%
Treatment in the community for individuals convicted of sex offenses	Jan. 2017	$4,668	$1,383	$3,285	($2,851)	$1,817	$1.64	61%
Treatment during incarceration for individuals convicted of sex offenses	Jan. 2017	$6,972	$2,111	$4,860	($5,393)	$1,578	$1.29	62%
Restorative justice conferencing	Feb. 2017	$2,677	$1,020	$1,657	($1,307)	$1,371	$2.05	57%
Jail diversion for individuals with mental illness (post-arrest)	Mar. 2017	$340	($68)	$408	$813	$1,153	n/a	50%
Intensive supervision (surveillance only)	Dec. 2016	$490	$159	$331	($126)	$364	$3.88	53%
Employment counseling and job training in the community	Aug. 2016	$1,478	$757	$722	($2,317)	($839)	$0.64	42%
Sex offender registration and community notification	Nov. 2016	($2,175)	($447)	($1,728)	($413)	($2,588)	($5.27)	33%
Inpatient or intensive outpatient drug treatment in the community	Nov. 2016	($1,812)	($130)	($1,682)	($1,049)	($2,861)	($1.73)	47%
Life skills education	Dec. 2016	($1,916)	($330)	($1,586)	($1,350)	($3,267)	($1.42)	34%
Driving Under the Influence (DUI) courts	Aug. 2016	$5,156	$2,996	$2,160	($9,242)	($4,086)	$0.56	19%
Domestic violence perpetrator treatment (Duluth-based model)	Aug. 2014	($2,510)	($475)	($2,035)	($1,708)	($4,219)	($1.47)	24%
Violence reduction treatment	Dec. 2016	($447)	$677	($1,124)	($5,986)	($6,434)	($0.07)	28%
Housing assistance with services	Aug. 2016	$1,326	$2,336	($1,010)	($13,626)	($12,300)	$0.10	2%
Community-based correctional facilities (halfway houses)	Aug. 2016	($7,085)	($570)	($6,515)	($9,880)	($16,964)	($0.72)	0%
Police diversion for individuals with mental illness (pre-arrest)	Mar. 2017	($15,343)	($2,213)	($13,130)	($5,633)	($20,976)	($2.72)	24%
Injectable naltrexone for opioid use disorder for adults post-release UPDATED	Mar. 2021	($3,226)	$1,233	($4,460)	($19,488)	($22,714)	($0.17)	0%
Methadone for opioid use disorder for adults post-release	Apr. 2021	($10,308)	$223	($10,532)	($21,912)	($32,220)	($0.47)	0%

Policy
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
For individuals classified as lower risk, decrease prison average daily population by 250, by lowering length of stay by 3 months	Oct. 2013	($5,064)	($994)	($4,070)	$6,929	$1,865	n/a	68%
For individuals classified as moderate risk, decrease prison average daily population by 250, by lowering length of stay by 3 months	Oct. 2013	($17,898)	($2,864)	($15,033)	$6,929	($10,968)	n/a	9%
For individuals classified as high risk, decrease prison average daily population by 250, by lowering length of stay by 3 months	Oct. 2013	($38,355)	($5,526)	($32,829)	$6,929	($31,426)	n/a	0%

Police (results per-officer)
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Deploy one additional police officer with hot spots strategies	Oct. 2013	$605,028	$78,568	$526,460	($113,796)	$491,232	$5.32	100%
Deploy one additional police officer with statewide average practices	Oct. 2013	$526,669	$67,862	$458,806	($108,377)	$418,292	$4.86	100%

To view details of all Adult Criminal Justice programs in a single pdf, click here.

Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Notes
Buprenorphine for opioid use disorder for adults post-release	Mar. 2021	Click for meta-analytic results
Civil legal aid	Mar. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Day fines	Feb. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Deferred prosecution of DUI offenses	Mar. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Dialectical behavior therapy	Sep. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Domestic violence perpetrator treatment (Non-Duluth models)	Aug. 2014	Click for meta-analytic results
Ignition interlock devices for alcohol-related offenses	Mar. 2014	Click for meta-analytic results
Legal financial obligation repayment interventions	Jan. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Mandatory arrest for domestic violence NEW	Jun. 2022	Click for meta-analytic results
Parenting programs (for incarcerated parents)	Aug. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Revocation reduction programs	Mar. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Therapeutic communities for individuals with personality disorders	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Banning criminal record check boxes in hiring	Nov. 2016	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Cautioning for cannabis offenses	Mar. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Child support barriers	Mar. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Mentoring programs	Mar. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Pretrial detention	Feb. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Project Sentry	Mar. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
State ID provision	Mar. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Veteran's courts	Jul. 2016	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Adult boot camps	Oct. 2006	See previous WSIPP publication for past findings.
Click to expand

Child Welfare

For questions on benefit-cost results relating to Child Welfare, contact Rebecca Goodvin.

Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for families in the child welfare system	Aug. 2017	$33,584	$12,319	$21,265	($1,931)	$31,652	$17.39	95%
Intensive Family Preservation Services (HOMEBUILDERS®)	Aug. 2017	$21,081	$11,704	$9,377	($4,109)	$16,971	$5.13	96%
Subsidized guardianship (Title IV-E waivers)	Aug. 2017	$6,949	$1,511	$5,438	$4,271	$11,220	n/a	99%
SafeCare	Aug. 2017	$5,222	$1,993	$3,229	($218)	$5,004	$23.94	93%
Alternative Response	Nov. 2018	$2,381	$863	$1,519	($287)	$2,095	$8.31	85%
Flexible funding (Title IV-E waivers)	Apr. 2012	$1,821	$574	$1,247	$0	$1,821	n/a	90%
Promoting First Relationships	Jun. 2021	$993	$897	$96	($1,542)	($549)	$0.64	47%
Other Family Preservation Services (non-HOMEBUILDERS®)	Aug. 2017	($5,870)	($1,311)	($4,559)	($3,775)	($9,645)	($1.55)	0%
Family dependency treatment court	Aug. 2017	($8,170)	($1,942)	($6,227)	($6,494)	($14,664)	($1.26)	9%
Youth Villages LifeSet (YV LifeSet) for former foster youth	Jul. 2019	($4,754)	$366	($5,121)	($11,545)	($16,300)	($0.41)	6%

To view details of all Child Welfare programs in a single pdf, click here.

Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Notes
Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up	Nov. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Family Team Decision-Making	Aug. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Fostering Healthy Futures	Aug. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Functional Family Therapy—Child Welfare (FFT-CW)	Sep. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Locating family connections for children in foster care	Aug. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Multisystemic Therapy (MST) for child abuse and neglect	Aug. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Project KEEP	Aug. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Structured Decision Making Risk Assessment	Aug. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Alternatives for Families (AF-CBT)	May. 2015	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Circle of Security	Aug. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Including Fathers—Father Engagement Program	Aug. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Kaleidoscope Play and Learn	Aug. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
King County Family Treatment Court	May. 2019	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Kinship care compared to traditional (non-kin) foster care	Sep. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Parent Mentor Program	Aug. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Parents and Children Together (PACT)	Aug. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Parents for Parents	Aug. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Partners with Families and Children	Aug. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Pathway to Reunification	Aug. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Safe Babies, Safe Moms	Aug. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Extended Foster Care in Washington State	Jun. 2020	See previous WSIPP publication for past findings.
Click to expand

Pre-K to 12 Education

For questions on benefit-cost results relating to Pre-K to 12 Education, contact Julia Cramer.

Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Becoming a Man (BAM) with high-dosage tutoring	Apr. 2018	$50,997	$11,673	$39,324	($5,334)	$45,663	$9.56	72%
Child-Parent Center (CPC)	Apr. 2020	$48,020	$19,560	$28,460	($11,495)	$36,525	$4.18	91%
Consultant teachers: Literacy Collaborative	Jan. 2018	$35,403	$7,797	$27,606	($885)	$34,518	$40.01	100%
Tutoring: By peers	Mar. 2020	$25,703	$5,602	$20,101	($104)	$25,599	$246.31	81%
Double-dose classes	May. 2015	$22,338	$4,925	$17,412	($581)	$21,757	$38.47	98%
Tutoring: By certificated teachers, small-group, structured	Apr. 2020	$22,937	$5,223	$17,714	($2,147)	$20,790	$10.68	98%
State early childhood education programs: Universal	Jul. 2019	$28,445	$8,457	$19,987	($7,929)	$20,516	$3.59	80%
Summer book programs: Multi-year intervention	Feb. 2018	$20,584	$4,505	$16,078	($257)	$20,327	$80.22	70%
Tutoring: Supplemental computer-assisted instruction for students struggling in math	Mar. 2020	$19,445	$4,246	$15,200	($147)	$19,298	$131.87	64%
Teacher professional development: Use of data to guide instruction	Jun. 2014	$19,158	$4,181	$14,976	($130)	$19,028	$147.84	98%
Consultant teachers: Online coaching	Jun. 2014	$17,113	$3,748	$13,365	($234)	$16,879	$73.27	93%
Project Lead The Way (PLTW)	Sep. 2014	$18,894	$4,340	$14,554	($2,114)	$16,780	$8.94	83%
Head Start	Jul. 2019	$26,605	$9,901	$16,704	($9,982)	$16,623	$2.67	71%
Tutoring: By adults, one-on-one, structured	May. 2020	$18,940	$4,447	$14,493	($3,010)	$15,929	$6.29	92%
"Check-in" behavior interventions	Feb. 2020	$16,539	$3,900	$12,639	($1,875)	$14,664	$8.82	57%
Consultant teachers: Content-Focused Coaching	Jan. 2018	$14,276	$3,113	$11,163	($69)	$14,207	$206.61	94%
Special literacy instruction for English language learner students	Jul. 2014	$14,407	$3,172	$11,234	($354)	$14,052	$40.66	81%
State early childhood education programs: Low-income	Jul. 2019	$15,992	$3,584	$12,409	($3,342)	$12,651	$4.79	90%
Stepping Stones to Literacy	Mar. 2021	$12,556	$2,737	$9,819	($58)	$12,498	$217.64	64%
Tutoring: Supplemental computer-assisted instruction for English language learners (ELL)	Mar. 2020	$11,786	$2,582	$9,204	($170)	$11,616	$69.27	69%
Teacher professional development: Targeted	Jun. 2014	$11,527	$2,542	$8,985	($315)	$11,212	$36.59	79%
Success for All	Jun. 2021	$11,473	$3,893	$7,580	($809)	$10,665	$14.19	66%
Tutoring: By non-certificated adults, small-group, structured	Apr. 2020	$11,124	$2,490	$8,635	($643)	$10,481	$17.30	69%
Consultant teachers: Coaching	Jun. 2014	$8,860	$1,961	$6,900	($305)	$8,555	$29.01	82%
Tutoring: By adults for English language learners (ELL)	Apr. 2020	$9,548	$2,264	$7,284	($1,722)	$7,827	$5.55	62%
Tutoring: Supplemental computer-assisted instruction for struggling readers (vs. regular classroom instruction)	Mar. 2020	$8,173	$1,850	$6,323	($661)	$7,512	$12.36	63%
Out-of-school-time tutoring by adults	Jun. 2014	$8,539	$1,978	$6,561	($1,112)	$7,427	$7.68	94%
Teacher professional development: Induction/mentoring	Jun. 2014	$7,466	$1,634	$5,832	($90)	$7,376	$82.91	64%
Summer learning programs: Academically focused	Jun. 2014	$7,874	$1,862	$6,012	($1,372)	$6,501	$5.74	88%
Parents as tutors with teacher oversight	Jun. 2014	$6,022	$1,415	$4,608	($962)	$5,060	$6.26	57%
Text message interventions for parents to support academic achievement for students in K-12	Nov. 2020	$5,052	$1,100	$3,952	($12)	$5,041	$436.78	60%
Playworks Coach	Jun. 2020	$5,205	$1,186	$4,018	($179)	$5,026	$29.08	55%
Growth mindset interventions	Feb. 2018	$4,760	$1,040	$3,719	($46)	$4,713	$103.14	57%
Peer Group Connection (PGC)	Jun. 2020	$4,686	$1,057	$3,629	($290)	$4,396	$16.14	52%
Teacher performance pay programs	Oct. 2015	$3,291	$720	$2,570	($43)	$3,248	$76.95	87%
Tutoring: By adults, one-on-one, non-structured	May. 2020	$4,407	$1,109	$3,298	($1,382)	$3,025	$3.19	71%
Per-pupil expenditures: 10% increase for one student cohort from kindergarten through grade 12	Apr. 2012	$15,943	$4,887	$11,055	($12,997)	$2,946	$1.23	52%
Becoming a Man (BAM)	Apr. 2018	$5,190	$1,404	$3,786	($2,383)	$2,807	$2.18	74%
Teacher professional development: Online, targeted	Jun. 2014	$3,010	$693	$2,317	($353)	$2,658	$8.54	60%
Summer book programs: One-year intervention	Jun. 2014	$2,749	$608	$2,141	($93)	$2,655	$29.45	57%
Class size: reducing average class size by one student in kindergarten	Jan. 2013	$2,166	$499	$1,667	($247)	$1,919	$8.76	94%
Tutoring: Supplemental Educational Services (under Title I)	May. 2015	$3,692	$1,019	$2,673	($1,989)	$1,703	$1.86	64%
Text message interventions for parents to support early learning for students in preschool	Nov. 2020	$1,378	$301	$1,077	($8)	$1,369	$167.70	53%
Summer book programs: One-year intervention, with additional support	Jun. 2014	$1,433	$327	$1,106	($138)	$1,295	$10.37	58%
Class size: reducing average class size by one student in grade 1	Jan. 2013	$1,413	$335	$1,078	($247)	$1,165	$5.71	84%
Tutoring: Supplemental computer-assisted instruction for struggling readers (vs. other assistance)	Mar. 2020	$1,313	$360	$954	($682)	$632	$1.93	51%
Class size: reducing average class size by one student in grade 2	Jan. 2013	$843	$211	$632	($247)	$596	$3.41	70%
Class size: reducing average class size by one student in grade 3	Jan. 2013	$666	$172	$494	($247)	$418	$2.69	62%
Second Step	Mar. 2020	$503	$200	$304	($102)	$401	$4.93	84%
Class size: reducing average class size by one student in one grade, 4-6	Jan. 2013	$506	$134	$371	($224)	$282	$2.26	56%
Class size: reducing average class size by one student in one grade, 9-12	Jan. 2013	$444	$118	$326	($200)	$244	$2.22	54%
Class size: reducing average class size by one student in one grade, 7-8	Jan. 2013	$434	$117	$318	($202)	$232	$2.14	54%
Teacher professional development: Not targeted	Jun. 2014	($20)	$7	($27)	($105)	($124)	($0.19)	39%
First Step to Success	Mar. 2020	($1,084)	($159)	($925)	($707)	($1,791)	($1.53)	47%
Full-day kindergarten	Dec. 2013	$766	$520	$246	($3,251)	($2,485)	$0.24	40%
Educator professional development: Use of data to guide instruction	Jun. 2014	($4,517)	($980)	($3,537)	($22)	($4,539)	($209.36)	30%
Restorative justice in schools	Mar. 2020	($9,022)	($1,937)	($7,085)	($161)	($9,182)	($56.19)	11%
Even Start	Apr. 2012	($6,398)	($837)	($5,561)	($5,100)	($11,497)	($1.25)	33%
Early Head Start	Apr. 2012	$1,594	$4,549	($2,955)	($13,103)	($11,509)	$0.12	33%

To view details of all Pre-K to 12 Education programs in a single pdf, click here.

Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Notes
"Nudge" attendance program	Sep. 2020	Click for meta-analytic results
Ability School Engagement Program	Mar. 2020	Click for meta-analytic results
Academic vocabulary instruction	Mar. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Charter schools: Knowledge Is Power Program (KIPP)	Aug. 2013	Click for meta-analytic results
Charter schools: non-urban charter schools	Aug. 2013	Click for meta-analytic results
Charter schools: overall impact	Aug. 2013	Click for meta-analytic results
Charter schools: urban charter schools	Aug. 2013	Click for meta-analytic results
Daily Behavior Report Cards	Apr. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Harlem Children's Zone - Promise Academy® K-12 Charter Schools	Jun. 2020	Click for meta-analytic results
Model early childhood education programs	Dec. 2013	Click for meta-analytic results
National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) certified teachers (for elementary school students)	Mar. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) certified teachers (for secondary school students)	Mar. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Pre-K and elementary bilingual instruction for English language learners	Jun. 2014	Click for meta-analytic results
Principal quality	Aug. 2013	Click for meta-analytic results
School Transitional Environmental Program (STEP)	Sep. 2020	Click for meta-analytic results
Teacher experience	Apr. 2012	Click for meta-analytic results
Teacher graduate degrees	Apr. 2012	Click for meta-analytic results
Teacher in-subject graduate degrees	Apr. 2012	Click for meta-analytic results
Transition programs for incoming kindergarteners	Mar. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
ACCEPTS program	May. 2015	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID)	Jul. 2013	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Coca-Cola Valued Youth Program	Jun. 2020	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Comer School Development Program	Aug. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Connecting With Others program	May. 2015	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Credit retrieval	Apr. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
High Schools That Work (HSTW)	Jul. 2013	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
International Baccalaureate	Jul. 2013	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
K-12 educator professional learning communities	Feb. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Lunch Buddy Program	May. 2015	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Make Your Day	May. 2015	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Massive open online courses (MOOCs) in K-12 setting	Sep. 2020	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
MicroSociety	Jul. 2013	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Mindplay Virtual Reading Coach	Aug. 2020	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Montessori in K-12	Jul. 2013	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Parent and family engagement coordinators	Jan. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Professional learning communities	May. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Skillstreaming	May. 2015	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Team teaching/co-teaching	May. 2015	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Think Time	May. 2015	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
K-12 teacher effectiveness	Dec. 2007	See previous WSIPP publication for past findings.
Click to expand

Children's Mental Health

For questions on benefit-cost results relating to Children's Mental Health, contact Rebecca Goodvin.

Anxiety
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Exposure response prevention for youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)	Jul. 2019	$15,387	$4,787	$10,600	($520)	$14,867	$29.58	87%
Group and individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for children & adolescents with anxiety	May. 2018	$13,939	$4,542	$9,396	($516)	$13,423	$27.04	94%
Parent cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for children with anxiety	May. 2018	$5,983	$1,738	$4,245	$624	$6,606	n/a	92%
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for children with anxiety	Aug. 2017	$4,852	$1,417	$3,434	$411	$5,262	n/a	85%

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Behavioral parent training (BPT) for children with ADHD	Apr. 2018	$11,372	$3,796	$7,577	($522)	$10,850	$21.77	73%
Multimodal therapy (MMT) for children with ADHD	Apr. 2018	$7,021	$3,006	$4,014	($4,546)	$2,475	$1.54	57%
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for children with ADHD	Apr. 2018	($3,499)	($563)	($2,935)	($1,166)	($4,665)	($3.00)	47%

Depression
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Blues Program (prevention program for students at risk for depression)	May. 2018	($119)	$6	($125)	($271)	($390)	($0.44)	48%
Collaborative primary care for children with depression	Aug. 2017	$635	$307	$328	($1,103)	($469)	$0.58	48%
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for children & adolescents with depression	Aug. 2017	$38	$98	($60)	($517)	($479)	$0.07	49%
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for children with depression	Aug. 2017	$181	$138	$43	($706)	($525)	$0.26	48%

Disruptive Behavior
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Stop Now and Plan (SNAP)	Jul. 2018	$19,727	$5,971	$13,756	($4,804)	$14,923	$4.11	86%
Multimodal therapy (MMT) for children with disruptive behavior	Jul. 2018	$13,170	$3,238	$9,932	($1,866)	$11,304	$7.06	58%
Incredible Years Parent Training	Jul. 2018	$9,970	$2,705	$7,265	($1,585)	$8,385	$6.29	60%
Triple P—Positive Parenting Program: Level 4, individual	Jun. 2018	$7,442	$2,532	$4,910	($890)	$6,551	$8.36	60%
Triple P—Positive Parenting Program: Level 4, group	Jun. 2018	$3,629	$1,261	$2,368	$594	$4,223	n/a	97%
Mentoring: Community-based for children with disruptive behavior	May. 2018	$5,048	$2,091	$2,958	($1,935)	$3,114	$2.61	67%
Other behavioral parent training (BPT) for children with disruptive behavior	Jul. 2018	$2,786	$1,051	$1,735	($87)	$2,699	$31.95	96%
Child Parent Relationship Therapy	May. 2018	$2,197	$820	$1,377	$40	$2,237	n/a	79%
Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT)	Jul. 2018	$3,939	$1,120	$2,819	($1,978)	$1,960	$1.99	55%
Parent Management Training—Oregon Model (treatment population)	Mar. 2018	$2,913	$1,337	$1,576	($1,513)	$1,400	$1.92	72%
Collaborative primary care for children with behavior disorders	Aug. 2017	$1,102	$459	$643	($323)	$779	$3.41	60%
Helping the Noncompliant Child for children with disruptive behavior	Jun. 2018	$768	$389	$379	($541)	$227	$1.42	51%
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for children with disruptive behavior	Jun. 2018	$1,385	$960	$425	($2,354)	($969)	$0.59	29%
Incredible Years Parent Training with Incredible Years Child Training	Jul. 2018	($756)	$390	($1,146)	($3,616)	($4,373)	($0.21)	3%

Trauma
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Child-Parent Psychotherapy	Jun. 2018	$80,208	$25,814	$54,394	($5,113)	$75,095	$15.69	96%
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-based models for child trauma	Aug. 2017	$30,196	$9,512	$20,684	$129	$30,324	n/a	100%
Kids Club & Moms Empowerment	Jul. 2018	$22,050	$6,953	$15,097	($770)	$21,280	$28.63	81%
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for child trauma	Jun. 2018	$8,903	$2,690	$6,213	$709	$9,612	n/a	83%

Other
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Modular Approach to Therapy for Children with Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, or Conduct Problems (MATCH-ADTC)	Jul. 2018	$4,967	$1,678	$3,289	$676	$5,642	n/a	98%
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for adolescent self-harming behavior	Aug. 2017	$1,956	$1,086	$870	($178)	$1,778	$10.97	51%

To view details of all Children's Mental Health programs in a single pdf, click here.

Other Children's Mental Health topics reviewed; benefit-cost results not yet available:

Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Notes
Addition of CBT to antidepressants (compared to antidepressants alone) for adolescent depression	Jun. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Choice Theory/Reality Therapy for children with disruptive behavior	Jul. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Family-based treatment for adolescents with eating disorders	Jul. 2019	Click for meta-analytic results
Full fidelity wraparound for youth with serious emotional disturbance (SED)	Jul. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Great Life Mentoring (formerly 4Results Mentoring)	Nov. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Intensive Family Preservation Services (HOMEBUILDERS®) for youth with serious emotional disturbance (SED)	Jul. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Motivational interviewing to engage children in mental health treatment	Aug. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Multisystemic Therapy (MST) for youth with serious emotional disturbance (SED)	Jul. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Partners for Change Outcome Management System (PCOMS) for youth	Jul. 2019	Click for meta-analytic results
QPR Gatekeeper Training	Nov. 2020	Click for meta-analytic results
ADOPTS (therapy to address distress of post traumatic stress in adoptive children)	Jun. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Encompass for ADHD	May. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Families Moving Forward	Jul. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Group homes (Stop-Gap model) for youth with serious emotional disturbance (SED)	May. 2019	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Rites of Passage Wilderness Therapy	Jul. 2019	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
STAY (Slow Down, Take Interest, Assess Your Role, Yield To Another Perspective)	Jun. 2020	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Take 5: Trauma Affects Kids Everywhere—Five Ways to Promote Resilience	Jun. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Theraplay	May. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Click to expand

Health Care

For questions on benefit-cost results relating to Health Care, contact Eva Westley.

Obesity and Diabetes
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes: Long-term, intensive, individual counseling programs	Feb. 2017	$36,463	$10,598	$25,865	($4,456)	$32,007	$8.18	100%
Lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes: Shorter-term programs with group-based counseling	Feb. 2017	$21,958	$6,198	$15,760	($525)	$21,433	$41.79	78%
Behavioral interventions to reduce obesity for adults: High-intensity, in-person programs	Dec. 2014	$2,458	$680	$1,778	($735)	$1,723	$3.34	61%
Behavioral interventions to reduce obesity for adults: Remotely-delivered programs	Dec. 2014	$852	$218	$634	($112)	$740	$7.61	55%
Behavioral interventions to reduce obesity for children: Remotely-delivered programs	Dec. 2014	$24	$15	$9	($76)	($52)	$0.32	49%
Behavioral interventions to reduce obesity for adults: Low-intensity, in-person programs	Dec. 2014	$154	$63	$91	($217)	($63)	$0.71	49%
Behavioral interventions to reduce obesity for children: Low-intensity, in-person programs	Dec. 2014	($38)	$14	($52)	($193)	($232)	($0.20)	46%
Behavioral interventions to reduce obesity for children: Moderate- to high-intensity, face-to-face programs	Dec. 2014	($34)	$40	($73)	($392)	($425)	($0.09)	43%

Health Care System Efficiency
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Transitional care programs to prevent hospital readmissions: Comprehensive programs	Dec. 2014	$2,081	$920	$1,161	($493)	$1,588	$4.22	66%
Transitional care programs to prevent hospital readmissions: All programs, general patient populations	Dec. 2014	$479	$201	$277	($61)	$418	$7.86	64%
Patient-centered medical homes in physician-led practices without explicit utilization or cost incentives (high-risk populations)	Dec. 2016	$320	$159	$161	($98)	$222	$3.27	49%
Patient-centered medical homes in physician-led practices with utilization or cost incentives (high-risk populations)	Dec. 2016	$246	$145	$101	($183)	$63	$1.35	43%
Interventions to reduce unnecessary emergency department visits: General education on appropriate ED use	Dec. 2014	$15	$6	$9	($9)	$6	$1.63	50%
Patient-centered medical homes in physician-led practices without explicit utilization or cost incentives (general population)	Dec. 2016	$44	$40	$4	($98)	($53)	$0.45	35%
Interventions to reduce unnecessary emergency department visits: Asthma self-management education for children	Dec. 2014	($5)	$12	($16)	($92)	($96)	($0.05)	45%
Patient-centered medical homes in physician-led practices with utilization or cost incentives (general population)	Dec. 2016	$60	$65	($5)	($183)	($123)	$0.33	32%
Interventions to reduce unnecessary emergency department visits: Intensive case management for frequent ED users	Dec. 2014	$9,611	$5,623	$3,988	($11,300)	($1,689)	$0.85	43%

Maternal and Infant Health
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Other prenatal home visiting programs	Dec. 2016	$13,675	$881	$12,794	($817)	$12,858	$16.74	100%
Smoking cessation programs for pregnant women: Contingency management	Dec. 2016	$11,670	$1,128	$10,543	($247)	$11,424	$47.33	98%
Enhanced prenatal care programs delivered through Medicaid	Dec. 2016	$7,453	$972	$6,481	($488)	$6,964	$15.26	98%
Group prenatal care (compared to standard prenatal care)	Dec. 2016	$3,204	$212	$2,992	$1,292	$4,495	n/a	94%
Smoking cessation programs for pregnant women: Nicotine replacement treatment	Dec. 2016	$3,975	$366	$3,610	($137)	$3,838	$29.05	75%
Non-Medicaid enhanced prenatal care programs for adolescents	Dec. 2016	$3,526	$739	$2,787	($603)	$2,923	$5.85	72%
Smoking cessation programs for pregnant women: Intensive behavioral interventions	Dec. 2016	$2,667	$240	$2,427	($112)	$2,555	$23.91	90%
Resource Mothers Program	Dec. 2016	$2,326	$410	$1,916	($844)	$1,482	$2.76	84%
Cesarean section reduction programs: Multi-faceted hospital-based interventions (Medicaid population)	Nov. 2015	$323	$229	$94	($40)	$283	$7.98	100%
Cesarean section reduction programs: Multi-faceted hospital-based interventions (private pay population)	Nov. 2015	$306	$0	$306	($40)	$265	$7.56	100%
Cesarean section reduction programs: Audit and feedback (Medicaid population)	Nov. 2015	$195	$141	$54	($32)	$162	$6.01	84%
Cesarean section reduction programs: Audit and feedback (private pay population)	Nov. 2015	$183	$0	$183	($32)	$150	$5.64	83%
Cesarean section reduction programs: Mandatory second opinion (Medicaid population)	Nov. 2015	$166	$141	$25	($91)	$76	$1.84	100%
Cesarean section reduction programs: Mandatory second opinion (private pay population)	Nov. 2015	$155	$0	$155	($91)	$64	$1.70	97%
Cesarean section reduction programs: Continuous support (Medicaid population)	Nov. 2015	($13)	$94	($107)	($307)	($320)	($0.04)	1%
Cesarean section reduction programs: Continuous support (private pay population)	Nov. 2015	($21)	$0	($21)	($307)	($328)	($0.07)	1%
Interventions to prevent excessive gestational weight gain (population with obesity-related risk factors)	Dec. 2016	($823)	($257)	($566)	($238)	($1,062)	($3.45)	46%
Interventions to prevent excessive gestational weight gain (general population)	Dec. 2016	($1,142)	$125	($1,267)	($217)	($1,359)	($5.27)	34%

Falls Prevention for Older Adults
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Multicomponent interventions including exercise and home hazard reduction (high-risk population)	Jan. 2018	$9,669	$1,290	$8,379	($1,144)	$8,525	$8.45	100%
Otago Exercise Program (high-risk population)	Jan. 2018	$7,190	$956	$6,234	($804)	$6,386	$8.94	97%
Home hazard reduction (high-risk population)	Oct. 2017	$4,142	$709	$3,433	($375)	$3,767	$11.04	100%
Otago Exercise Program (general population)	Jan. 2018	$4,237	$579	$3,658	($740)	$3,498	$5.73	100%
Group exercise classes (high-risk population)	Feb. 2018	$3,473	$607	$2,866	($408)	$3,066	$8.52	73%
Individual exercise programs (high-risk population)	Feb. 2018	$3,188	$413	$2,775	($684)	$2,504	$4.66	75%
Group exercise classes for osteoporosis/osteopenia	Jan. 2018	$783	$177	$606	($350)	$433	$2.23	79%
Multifactorial programs: physician-led (high-risk population)	Nov. 2017	$2,191	$557	$1,634	($1,779)	$412	$1.23	63%
Multicomponent interventions including exercise and home hazard reduction (general population)	Jan. 2018	$803	$164	$639	($394)	$409	$2.04	88%
Tai Chi (high-risk population)	Jan. 2018	$638	$139	$499	($261)	$377	$2.45	56%
Tai Chi (general population)	Jan. 2018	$619	$150	$469	($394)	$225	$1.57	79%
Group exercise classes (general population)	Feb. 2018	$201	$53	$148	($156)	$45	$1.29	59%
Individual exercise programs (general population)	Feb. 2018	$327	$93	$235	($315)	$13	$1.04	50%
Cognitive behavioral interventions (general population)	Feb. 2018	$329	$86	$242	($346)	($17)	$0.95	44%
Multifactorial interventions: nurse-led (general population)	Nov. 2017	$542	$153	$388	($786)	($244)	$0.69	20%
Home hazard reduction (general population)	Oct. 2017	($86)	$1	($87)	($185)	($271)	($0.46)	17%
Multicomponent interventions including group exercise and vitamin D supplementation (high-risk population)	Jan. 2018	($634)	$12	($646)	($1,378)	($2,012)	($0.46)	23%
Multifactorial interventions: nurse-led (high-risk population)	Nov. 2017	($5,798)	($689)	($5,109)	($662)	($6,460)	($8.76)	0%

To view details of all Health Care programs in a single pdf, click here.

Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Notes
Accountable Care Organizations: (a) Alternative Quality Contract	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Accountable Care Organizations: (b) Medicare Physician Group Practice Demonstration (PGPD)	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Accountable Care Organizations: (c) Medicare Pioneer ACOs	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (a) High-Deductible Health Plans (moderate to high deductibles, with and without HRAs or HSAs), general patient population	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (b) High-Deductible Health Plans (moderate to high deductible levels, with or without HSAs), low-income patient population	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (c) High-Deductible Health Plans with moderate deductibles (individual < $1000), general patient population	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (d) High-Deductible Health Plans with higher deductibles (individual > $1000), general patient population	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (e) High-Deductible Health Plans with higher deductibles (individual > $1000) and HRA accounts, general patient population	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (f) High-Deductible Health Plans with higher deductibles (individual > $1000) and HSA accounts, general patient population	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (g) Coinsurance (25% rate or higher) versus no cost sharing, general patient population	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (h) Copay increases across multiple services, low-income population	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (i) Copay increases across multiple services, low-income and chronically-ill population	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (j) Emergency department copays, general patient population	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (k) Emergency department copays, low-income patient population	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (l) Copays for nonemergent emergency department visits, Medicaid adult population	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (m) Copays for prescription drugs, general patient population	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (n) Copays for prescription drugs, adults with a chronic illness	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (o) Copay reductions for prescription drugs used to treat chronic conditions (Value Based Insurance Design), adults with chronic illnesses	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (p) Copays for prescription drugs, low-income children (CHIP)	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (q) Copays for prescription drugs, low-income children (CHIP) with a chronic illness	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cost sharing: (r) Copays for prescription drugs, Medicare beneficiaries	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Falls prevention: Individual exercise programs for osteoporosis/osteopenia	Jan. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Long-acting reversible contraception (compared to short-acting reversible contraception)	Sep. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Non-Medicaid enhanced prenatal care programs for African-American women	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Oral health: Fluoride varnish treatment for permanent teeth	Oct. 2014	Click for meta-analytic results
Oral health: Fluoride varnish treatment for primary teeth	Oct. 2014	Click for meta-analytic results
Oral health: Resin sealants for molars	Oct. 2014	Click for meta-analytic results
Patient-centered medical homes in integrated health systems (high-risk population)	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Smoking cessation programs for pregnant women: Postpartum smoking relapse prevention	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Transitional care programs to prevent hospital readmissions: Brief phone follow-up only	Dec. 2014	Click for meta-analytic results
Chronic Care Model (CCM) interventions	Dec. 2016	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Oral health: Mid-level dental care providers	Oct. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Oral health: Preventive dental visits	Oct. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Prenatal depression screening	Dec. 2016	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Click to expand

Substance Use Disorders

For questions on benefit-cost results relating to Substance Use Disorders, contact Heather Grob.

Early Intervention
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Brief intervention in primary care	Sep. 2016	$8,623	$3,124	$5,499	($322)	$8,301	$26.79	55%
Teen Intervene	Jun. 2016	$4,187	$1,292	$2,894	($453)	$3,734	$9.24	60%
Brief intervention in emergency department (SBIRT)	Sep. 2016	$2,999	$965	$2,034	($512)	$2,487	$5.86	58%
Brief intervention in a medical hospital	Sep. 2016	$2,573	$781	$1,792	($189)	$2,384	$13.60	67%
Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention of College Students (BASICS): A Harm Reduction Approach	May. 2014	$1,253	$373	$880	($86)	$1,167	$14.53	65%
Brief intervention for youth in medical settings	Feb. 2015	$439	$183	$256	($392)	$48	$1.12	47%
Alcohol Literacy Challenge (for college students)	Jun. 2016	($137)	($39)	($98)	($5)	($141)	($29.68)	49%

Treatment for Youth
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Teen Marijuana Check-Up (TMCU)	Sep. 2018	$9	$26	($16)	($128)	($119)	$0.07	48%
Adolescent Assertive Continuing Care (ACC)	Sep. 2018	($1,061)	$20	($1,082)	($2,345)	($3,406)	($0.45)	40%
Functional Family Therapy (FFT) for adolescents with substance use disorder	Jun. 2016	($1,454)	$31	($1,486)	($4,082)	($5,536)	($0.36)	37%
Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT)	May. 2015	$2,778	$2,026	$752	($9,504)	($6,726)	$0.29	30%

Treatment for Adults
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Contingency management (higher cost) for substance use disorders	May. 2014	$26,754	$3,797	$22,957	($673)	$26,081	$39.74	78%
Seeking Safety	May. 2014	$24,029	$7,337	$16,693	($467)	$23,563	$51.49	73%
Contingency management (higher cost) for marijuana use	May. 2014	$18,537	$5,699	$12,838	($673)	$17,863	$27.53	78%
Brief marijuana dependence counseling	May. 2014	$17,628	$5,417	$12,212	($657)	$16,972	$26.84	91%
Brief cognitive behavioral intervention for amphetamine users	May. 2014	$13,177	$2,730	$10,447	($248)	$12,929	$53.16	63%
12-Step Facilitation Therapy	May. 2014	$10,991	$2,217	$8,774	$378	$11,369	n/a	60%
Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) with vouchers	May. 2014	$10,812	$2,364	$8,447	($1,418)	$9,393	$7.62	60%
Supportive-expressive psychotherapy for substance use disorders	May. 2014	$11,571	$4,564	$7,007	($2,399)	$9,172	$4.82	61%
Motivational interviewing to enhance treatment engagement	Dec. 2014	$8,031	$2,019	$6,012	($314)	$7,718	$25.61	56%
Cognitive-behavioral coping-skills therapy for alcohol or drug use disorders	Sep. 2016	$7,670	$1,581	$6,089	($313)	$7,357	$24.51	57%
Relapse Prevention Therapy	May. 2014	$7,199	$1,527	$5,672	$0	$7,199	n/a	56%
Holistic Harm Reduction Program (HHRP+)	May. 2014	$6,204	$1,106	$5,098	($957)	$5,247	$6.48	56%
Contingency management (lower cost) for opioid use disorder	Dec. 2016	$4,952	$828	$4,124	($419)	$4,533	$11.81	58%
Individual drug counseling approach for the treatment of cocaine addiction	May. 2014	$6,181	$744	$5,438	($2,802)	$3,380	$2.21	54%
Contingency management (lower cost) for substance use disorders	May. 2014	$3,442	$588	$2,854	($295)	$3,147	$11.67	59%
Matrix Model Intensive Outpatient Treatment Program (IOP) for stimulant use disorders	May. 2014	$4,333	$885	$3,448	($1,508)	$2,825	$2.87	52%
Node-link mapping	May. 2014	$2,057	$339	$1,718	$0	$2,057	n/a	53%
Sober living houses	Oct. 2016	$2,199	$392	$1,807	($339)	$1,861	$6.50	53%
Peer support for individuals with substance use disorder	May. 2014	$4,055	$944	$3,112	($3,316)	$739	$1.22	50%
Contingency management (lower cost) for marijuana use	May. 2014	$581	$220	$361	($295)	$286	$1.97	51%
Cognitive-behavioral coping-skills therapy for opioid use disorder	Dec. 2016	($554)	($38)	($516)	($634)	($1,188)	($0.87)	49%
Day treatment with abstinence contingencies and vouchers	May. 2014	$2,729	$974	$1,755	($6,375)	($3,646)	$0.43	44%
Behavioral self-control training (BSCT)	May. 2014	($17,472)	($4,596)	($12,877)	($186)	($17,658)	($93.94)	23%

Medication-assisted Treatment
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Methadone maintenance for opioid use disorder	Dec. 2016	$10,633	$2,059	$8,575	($4,439)	$6,194	$2.40	84%
Buprenorphine (or buprenorphine/naloxone) maintenance treatment for opioid use disorder	Dec. 2016	$10,096	$2,053	$8,044	($5,444)	$4,652	$1.85	81%
Injectable naltrexone for opiates	Dec. 2016	($868)	$1,423	($2,292)	($19,488)	($20,357)	($0.04)	0%
Injectable naltrexone for alcohol	Dec. 2016	($8,563)	$331	($8,894)	($19,488)	($28,051)	($0.44)	0%

To view details of all Substance Use Disorders programs in a single pdf, click here.

Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Notes
Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA)	Sep. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Buprehorphine implants	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT) for engaging clients in treatment	Sep. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for co-morbid substance use disorder and serious mental illness	May. 2014	Click for meta-analytic results
Early initiation of buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder (compared to referral to treatment only)	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Early initiation of methadone treatment for opioid use disorder (compared to referral to treatment only)	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Family Behavior Therapy (FBT)	May. 2014	Click for meta-analytic results
Injectable bromocriptine for alcohol	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
MET/CBT-5 for youth marijuana use	Feb. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) (problem drinkers)	May. 2014	Click for meta-analytic results
Naltrexone implants	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Parent-Child Assistance Program	Aug. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Wraparound services for pregnant/postpartum women in treatment for substance use disorders	Sep. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Anger management for substance abuse and mental health clients: Cognitive-behavioral therapy	May. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Behavioral Couples Therapy (marital)	May. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Buprenorphine taper for prescription opioid use disorder	Dec. 2016	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Dialectical behavior therapy for substance abuse: Integrated treatment model	May. 2015	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Matrix Model treatment for adolescents with substance use disorder	Jun. 2013	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Medication-assisted therapies for opioid use during pregnancy—buprenorphine vs. methadone	Dec. 2016	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Preventing Addiction-Related Suicide (PARS)	May. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Recovery Support Services	Jun. 2016	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Seven Challenges	Jun. 2020	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Therapeutic community for non-offenders	May. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Click to expand

Adult Mental Health

For questions on benefit-cost results relating to Adult Mental Health, contact Heather Grob.

Anxiety
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for adult anxiety	Sep. 2016	$45,904	$13,918	$31,986	($677)	$45,227	$67.85	100%
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for adult anxiety	Sep. 2016	$31,492	$9,556	$21,936	($511)	$30,982	$61.66	84%
Collaborative primary care for anxiety (general adult population)	Dec. 2016	$18,485	$5,713	$12,772	($984)	$17,501	$18.79	91%

Depression
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for adult depression	Sep. 2016	$34,610	$10,549	$24,061	($595)	$34,015	$58.20	100%
Collaborative primary care for depression (general adult population)	Dec. 2016	$14,792	$4,625	$10,167	($984)	$13,808	$15.03	98%
Collaborative primary care for depression with comorbid medical conditions (general adult population)	Dec. 2016	$9,796	$3,173	$6,623	($1,107)	$8,690	$8.85	100%
Collaborative primary care for depression with comorbid medical conditions (older adult population)	Dec. 2016	$2,482	$931	$1,552	($679)	$1,803	$3.65	83%
Collaborative primary care for depression (older adult population)	Dec. 2016	$1,608	$644	$964	($681)	$927	$2.36	79%

Trauma
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)	Sep. 2016	$68,024	$21,180	$46,844	($664)	$67,360	$102.40	100%
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)	Sep. 2016	$56,693	$17,587	$39,106	($81)	$56,611	$696.33	100%
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevention following trauma	May. 2014	$7,472	$2,469	$5,003	($1,005)	$6,467	$7.44	99%

Serious Mental Illness
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for schizophrenia/psychosis	Dec. 2014	$16,645	$9,566	$7,079	($1,715)	$14,930	$9.70	60%
Individual Placement and Support (IPS) for individuals with serious mental illness	May. 2014	$8,283	$2,614	$5,669	($951)	$7,332	$8.71	81%
Peer support: Addition of a peer specialist to the treatment team	May. 2014	$8,030	$3,086	$4,944	($4,142)	$3,888	$1.94	84%
Primary care in integrated settings (Veteran's Administration, Kaiser Permanente)	May. 2014	$1,291	$528	$764	($272)	$1,020	$4.75	51%
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for schizophrenia/psychosis	Sep. 2016	$1,376	$1,029	$347	($825)	$550	$1.67	48%
Mobile crisis response	May. 2014	$1,578	$1,391	$186	($1,407)	$171	$1.12	46%
Primary care in behavioral health settings	May. 2014	$335	$175	$161	($260)	$76	$1.29	50%
Primary care in behavioral health settings (community-based settings)	May. 2014	($288)	($27)	($261)	($322)	($610)	($0.89)	27%
Illness Management and Recovery (IMR)	Sep. 2016	($344)	$352	($696)	($1,913)	($2,257)	($0.18)	42%
Peer support: Substitution of a peer specialist for a non-peer on the treatment team	May. 2014	($4,473)	($1,351)	($3,122)	$0	($4,473)	n/a	29%
Critical Time Intervention for serious mental illness	Sep. 2016	$1,708	$2,963	($1,255)	($6,889)	($5,181)	$0.25	33%
Supported housing for chronically homeless adults	Dec. 2014	($2,338)	$2,115	($4,454)	($18,221)	($20,559)	($0.13)	0%
Forensic Assertive Community Treatment (FACT)	May. 2014	($6,216)	$640	($6,856)	($15,216)	($21,433)	($0.41)	0%
Assertive community treatment (ACT)	May. 2014	($9,257)	$1,031	($10,288)	($21,481)	($30,738)	($0.43)	12%

To view details of all Adult Mental Health programs in a single pdf, click here.

Adult Mental Health topics reviewed:

Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Notes
Integrated Dual Disorder Treatment (IDDT)	Sep. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Assisted outpatient treatment	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for prodromal psychosis	Sep. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Collaborative primary care for dementia (older adult population)	Feb. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Individual Placement and Support for first episode psychosis	Aug. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Integrated treatment for first-episode psychosis	Sep. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Integrated treatment for prodromal psychosis	Sep. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Medicaid Health Homes	Dec. 2014	Click for meta-analytic results
Motivational interviewing to enhance treatment engagement for serious mental illness	Sep. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Telemedicine for depression in primary care	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Telemedicine for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in primary care	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Wellness Recovery Action Plan (WRAP)	Dec. 2014	Click for meta-analytic results
Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST)	Nov. 2020	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Collaborative primary care for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)	Dec. 2016	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Crisis Intervention Team	May. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Forensic Integrative Re-entry Support and Treatment (FIRST)	May. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Forensic Intensive Supportive Housing (FISH)	May. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Integrated cognitive therapies program for co-occurring mental illness and substance abuse	May. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
LEARN Saves Lives Suicide Prevention Training for Parents/Caregivers	Nov. 2020	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Peer Bridger	May. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Trauma Informed Care: Risking Connection	May. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Click to expand

Public Health & Prevention

For questions on benefit-cost results relating to Public Health & Prevention, contact Eva Westley.

School-based
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Positive Action	Sep. 2018	$36,896	$9,351	$27,545	($1,189)	$35,707	$31.03	94%
School-based programs to increase physical activity	Nov. 2015	$21,264	$4,685	$16,579	($553)	$20,712	$38.48	66%
Mentoring: School-based by teachers or staff	May. 2018	$23,129	$5,333	$17,796	($3,885)	$19,244	$5.95	71%
Caring School Community (formerly Child Development Project)	Apr. 2018	$14,298	$3,245	$11,053	($1,232)	$13,066	$11.61	61%
Good Behavior Game	Mar. 2018	$11,571	$3,223	$8,348	($180)	$11,392	$64.42	77%
School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS)	Jan. 2018	$11,004	$3,421	$7,583	($729)	$10,274	$15.09	74%
Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS)	Jun. 2015	$10,361	$2,243	$8,118	($424)	$9,937	$24.44	62%
Coping and Support Training (CAST)	Aug. 2017	$10,170	$3,178	$6,992	($539)	$9,631	$18.87	81%
Seattle Social Development Project	Mar. 2019	$10,190	$2,914	$7,276	($4,429)	$5,760	$2.30	57%
Sunshine Circle Model	Aug. 2018	$5,750	$2,098	$3,652	($184)	$5,566	$31.22	91%
Communities in Schools	Sep. 2018	$4,588	$1,107	$3,481	($296)	$4,293	$15.52	57%
Project EX	Dec. 2014	$3,747	$879	$2,869	($71)	$3,677	$53.04	88%
All Stars	Dec. 2014	$3,031	$910	$2,120	($123)	$2,908	$24.67	96%
City Connects	Sep. 2018	$3,720	$1,000	$2,720	($1,751)	$1,969	$2.12	58%
LifeSkills Training	Jun. 2014	$1,881	$563	$1,318	($118)	$1,763	$15.97	63%
Alcohol Literacy Challenge (for high school students)	Jun. 2016	$1,688	$498	$1,190	($5)	$1,683	$366.20	58%
Model Smoking Prevention Program	Jan. 2019	$1,354	$310	$1,044	($12)	$1,343	$117.36	100%
Project Towards No Tobacco Use	Jan. 2019	$1,331	$412	$919	($53)	$1,278	$24.98	79%
Roots of Empathy	Jun. 2020	$1,583	$620	$962	($345)	$1,238	$4.59	90%
American Indian adolescent substance use prevention programs	Dec. 2014	$1,093	$345	$748	($66)	$1,027	$16.59	61%
Lions Quest Skills for Adolescence	Jan. 2019	$903	$263	$640	($12)	$891	$72.41	70%
keepin' it REAL	Jun. 2014	$774	$235	$539	($58)	$716	$13.37	62%
Too Good for Drugs	Dec. 2014	$634	$196	$438	($63)	$571	$10.06	96%
ATHENA (Athletes Targeting Healthy Exercise and Nutrition Alternatives)	Dec. 2014	$535	$169	$366	($45)	$490	$11.86	57%
Project Towards No Drug Abuse	Jun. 2014	$469	$167	$303	($78)	$392	$6.04	57%
SPORT	Jan. 2019	$350	$106	$243	($53)	$296	$6.56	52%
Coping Power Program	Feb. 2019	$1,080	$534	$546	($829)	$251	$1.30	57%
Marijuana Education Initiative Impact Awareness curriculum	Aug. 2019	$81	$26	$55	($12)	$68	$6.47	51%
InShape	Jan. 2019	$53	$18	$35	($29)	$24	$1.82	49%
School-based BMI screening and parental notification	Nov. 2015	($14)	$0	($15)	($30)	($44)	($0.48)	50%
Youth advocacy/empowerment programs for tobacco prevention	Dec. 2014	($153)	($42)	($111)	($27)	($180)	($5.63)	36%
School-based obesity prevention education	Nov. 2015	($66)	$1	($67)	($138)	($204)	($0.48)	47%
Project ALERT	Jan. 2019	($322)	($80)	($242)	($18)	($340)	($18.06)	45%
Preschool programs to create a healthy food environment and increase physical activity	Nov. 2015	($145)	$1	($145)	($295)	($440)	($0.49)	45%
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)	Aug. 2015	($868)	($270)	($598)	($64)	($933)	($13.46)	45%
Project SUCCESS	May. 2020	($859)	($247)	($611)	($188)	($1,047)	($4.57)	39%
Mentoring: Big Brothers Big Sisters School-Based (taxpayer costs only)	May. 2018	($76)	$278	($354)	($1,719)	($1,794)	($0.04)	5%
Mentoring: Big Brothers Big Sisters School-Based (including volunteer costs)	May. 2018	($455)	$278	($733)	($2,479)	($2,934)	($0.18)	1%
Mentoring: School-based by volunteers (taxpayer costs only)	May. 2018	($10,442)	($2,080)	($8,362)	($1,759)	($12,201)	($5.94)	17%
Mentoring: School-based by volunteers (including volunteer costs)	May. 2018	($10,932)	($2,080)	($8,852)	($2,739)	($13,671)	($3.99)	14%
Responsive Classroom	Jan. 2020	($13,152)	($2,746)	($10,406)	($1,052)	($14,204)	($12.50)	4%

Home- or Family-based
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Positive Family Support/Family Check-Up	Feb. 2019	$11,652	$3,632	$8,020	($51)	$11,601	$227.16	71%
Parent Management Training - Oregon Model (Prevention population)	May. 2015	$7,714	$2,239	$5,475	($774)	$6,940	$9.96	60%
Nurse Family Partnership	Mar. 2018	$20,495	$5,061	$15,434	($13,925)	$6,570	$1.47	65%
Familias Unidas	Feb. 2019	$7,317	$2,515	$4,802	($1,756)	$5,562	$4.17	69%
Healthy Families America	Jul. 2017	$10,819	$7,062	$3,757	($5,982)	$4,837	$1.81	62%
Strengthening Families for Parents and Youth 10-14	Aug. 2018	$3,836	$1,181	$2,655	($653)	$3,183	$5.87	60%
Home Instruction for Parents of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY)	Aug. 2017	$7,213	$2,319	$4,894	($4,755)	$2,458	$1.52	52%
Computer-based substance use prevention programs	Dec. 2014	$2,411	$737	$1,674	($84)	$2,327	$28.83	64%
Family Matters	Jun. 2016	$2,124	$669	$1,455	($231)	$1,893	$9.19	73%
Other home visiting programs for at-risk families	Apr. 2018	$11,808	$3,307	$8,501	($10,003)	$1,805	$1.18	51%
Strong African American Families—Teen	Jun. 2016	$2,279	$760	$1,519	($629)	$1,650	$3.62	59%
Family Spirit	Jun. 2018	$2,108	$831	$1,278	($890)	$1,218	$2.37	57%
Strong African American Families	Jun. 2016	$1,944	$757	$1,187	($850)	$1,095	$2.29	56%
Circle of Security—Parenting (COS-P)	Jun. 2017	$885	$366	$519	($263)	$622	$3.37	57%
Child First	Jul. 2017	$10,954	$5,058	$5,896	($10,426)	$528	$1.05	49%
Guiding Good Choices (formerly Preparing for the Drug Free Years)	Aug. 2018	$1,052	$369	$683	($776)	$277	$1.36	51%
New Beginnings for children of divorce	Jul. 2018	($382)	$3	($385)	($853)	($1,235)	($0.45)	49%
Parents as Teachers	Aug. 2017	$1,454	$1,304	$150	($5,265)	($3,811)	$0.28	34%
Early Start (New Zealand)	Jun. 2017	($1,662)	($56)	($1,605)	($4,154)	($5,816)	($0.40)	5%
Child Parent Enrichment Project (CPEP)	Apr. 2018	($10,531)	($563)	($9,968)	($17,602)	($28,133)	($0.60)	16%
Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP)	Aug. 2017	$7,038	$6,259	$779	($46,645)	($39,607)	$0.15	23%

Community-based
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Computer-based programs for smoking cessation	Dec. 2014	$48,077	$9,233	$38,844	($48)	$48,029	$1,003.36	100%
Text messaging programs for smoking cessation	Dec. 2014	$28,507	$5,224	$23,283	($62)	$28,445	$458.38	100%
Mentoring: Community-based (taxpayer costs only)	May. 2018	$11,328	$2,701	$8,627	($2,805)	$8,523	$4.04	65%
Mentoring: Community-based (including volunteer costs)	May. 2018	$10,428	$2,701	$7,726	($4,607)	$5,821	$2.26	59%
Communities That Care	Jan. 2019	$3,967	$1,223	$2,744	($698)	$3,269	$5.69	87%
Project STAR (Students Taught Awareness and Resistance, also known as the Midwestern Prevention Project)	Jun. 2019	$3,067	$954	$2,113	($74)	$2,993	$41.37	72%
Youth Mental Health First Aid (YMHFA)	Aug. 2019	$311	$106	$206	($28)	$283	$10.97	68%
Project Northland	Mar. 2019	$367	$123	$244	($114)	$253	$3.21	56%
Families and Schools Together (FAST)	Mar. 2018	$1,280	$3,138	($1,858)	($1,073)	$207	$1.19	50%
PROSPER (PROmoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience)	Feb. 2020	$352	$167	$185	($402)	($49)	$0.88	44%
Conjoint behavioral consultation	Jan. 2018	($244)	$65	($309)	($829)	($1,073)	($0.29)	22%
Mentoring: Big Brothers Big Sisters Community-Based (taxpayer costs only)	May. 2018	($712)	$145	($858)	($1,976)	($2,688)	($0.36)	43%
Summer Youth Employment Program (SYEP)	Jun. 2020	($863)	$3	($866)	($1,827)	($2,690)	($0.47)	0%
Mentoring: Big Brothers Big Sisters Community-Based (including volunteer costs)	May. 2018	($2,319)	$145	($2,464)	($5,189)	($7,508)	($0.45)	30%
Children's Aid Society—Carrera	Apr. 2012	$3,256	$2,399	$856	($17,639)	($14,383)	$0.18	33%
Quantum Opportunities Program	Jan. 2019	$19,332	$11,342	$7,990	($36,693)	($17,361)	$0.53	32%
CASASTART (California's Striving Together to Achieve Rewarding Tomorrows)	Feb. 2020	($4,917)	$1,003	($5,920)	($14,768)	($19,686)	($0.33)	9%
Fast Track prevention program	Mar. 2018	($31,945)	$789	($32,734)	($72,989)	($104,934)	($0.44)	0%

Population-level policies
Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Access to tobacco quitlines	Dec. 2014	$33,965	$2,329	$31,635	($255)	$33,709	$133.07	95%
More intensive tobacco quitlines (compared to less intensive quitlines)	Dec. 2014	$14,737	$2,196	$12,541	($155)	$14,582	$95.04	100%
Triple P—Positive Parenting Program (System)	Jun. 2020	$3,023	$983	$2,040	($342)	$2,681	$8.84	71%
Anti-smoking media campaigns, adult effect	Dec. 2014	$2,506	$712	$1,794	($42)	$2,464	$59.70	87%
Anti-smoking media campaign, youth effect	Dec. 2014	$1,988	$458	$1,531	($33)	$1,955	$60.29	100%
Multicomponent environmental interventions to prevent youth tobacco use	Jun. 2016	$1,079	$355	$724	($185)	$894	$5.85	84%
Multicomponent environmental interventions to prevent youth alcohol use	Jun. 2016	($310)	($71)	($239)	($125)	($435)	($2.48)	29%

To view details of all Public Health & Prevention programs in a single pdf, click here.

Other Public Health & Prevention topics reviewed; benefit-cost results not yet available:

Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Notes
10% increase in cigarette tax (effect on adults)	Dec. 2014	Click for meta-analytic results
10% increase in cigarette tax (effect on youth)	Dec. 2014	Click for meta-analytic results
Adolescent Sibling Pregnancy Prevention	Feb. 2019	Click for meta-analytic results
Athletes Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids (ATLAS)	Jun. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Behavioral Monitoring and Reinforcement Program (BMRP)	Feb. 2020	Click for meta-analytic results
Body Project	Jun. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Case management for caregivers of older adults with dementia	Feb. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Case management with monetary assistance for caregivers of older adults with dementia	Feb. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Compliance checks for alcohol	Jun. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Compliance checks for tobacco	Jun. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Curriculum-Based Support Group (CBSG)	Apr. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
Family Connects	Nov. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Other home visiting programs for adolescent mothers	Jun. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
ParentChild+ (formerly Parent-Child Home Program)	Aug. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Postponing Sexual Involvement (c)	Apr. 2012	Click for meta-analytic results
Prime Time	Jun. 2020	Click for meta-analytic results
Project Learn	Feb. 2020	Click for meta-analytic results
Project SHOUT (Students Helping Others Understand Tobacco)	Jan. 2019	Click for meta-analytic results
Protecting You/Protecting Me	Jun. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Raising Healthy Children	Jun. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Reconnecting Youth	Mar. 2020	Click for meta-analytic results
Resources, Education, and Care in the Home (REACH-Futures)	Jun. 2018	Click for meta-analytic results
School-based programs to create a healthy food environment	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
School-based service learning	Apr. 2012	Click for meta-analytic results
School-based sexual education	Apr. 2012	Click for meta-analytic results
Soda taxes: a 1% higher tax on soda than on other food items	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
STARS (Start Taking Alcohol Risks Seriously) for Families	Jun. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Teen Outreach Program (TOP)	Feb. 2020	Click for meta-analytic results
Workplace-wide interventions to prevent obesity	Nov. 2015	Click for meta-analytic results
Aban Aya Youth Project	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Active Parenting of Teens: Families in Action	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Adult day services for older adults with dementia	Dec. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
BrainTrain4Kids	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Celebrating Families	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
DARE to be You	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Early Head Start—Home Visiting	Nov. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Family Development Research Program (FDRP)	Sep. 2020	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
First Born Program (FBP)	May. 2020	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Friday Night Live	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Healthy Beginnings	Nov. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Hip-hop 2 prevent substance abuse and HIV	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Lead and Seed	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
LifeSkills Training (high school)	Sep. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Love and Logic	Sep. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Maternal Early Childhood Sustained Home-Visiting (MESCH)	Nov. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Media Detective	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Media Ready	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Minding the Baby	Nov. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Mobile phone "apps" for smoking cessation	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Native FACETS	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Not on Tobacco	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Nurturing Fathers	Jun. 2016	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
PALS: Prevention through Alternative Learning Styles	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Project MAGIC	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Project Venture	Sep. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Pyramid Model	Jul. 2020	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Reality Tour	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Red Cliff Wellness School Curriculum	Sep. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Refuse, Remove, Reasons (RRR) High School Education Program	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Rock in Prevention, Rock PLUS	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Sembrando Salud	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
SMART Leaders	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Sources of Strength	Sep. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Stay SMART	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Storytelling for Empowerment	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Strengthening Multi-Ethnic Families and Communities	Feb. 2019	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Strive Supervised Visitation Program	Jun. 2020	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
TAP-Helping Teens Stop Using Tobacco	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Teens Against Tobacco Use (TATU)	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
TEG-Intervening with Teen Tobacco Users	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Tobacco and Alcohol Prevention Program	Dec. 2014	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Youth and Family Link	Jun. 2016	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Click to expand

Workforce Development

For questions on benefit-cost results relating to Workforce Development, contact Stephanie Lee.

Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Career and technical education academies	Dec. 2016	$19,214	$5,760	$13,454	($6,542)	$12,673	$2.94	88%
Case management for unemployment insurance claimants	Nov. 2015	$3,294	$1,014	$2,280	($215)	$3,079	$15.31	69%
Job search and placement	Nov. 2015	$2,599	$1,558	$1,041	($615)	$1,984	$4.23	65%
Work experience	Nov. 2015	$4,115	$2,529	$1,586	($2,451)	$1,664	$1.68	77%
Training with work experience for adult welfare recipients	Nov. 2015	$6,358	$3,472	$2,886	($4,961)	$1,398	$1.28	63%
Training with work experience for adults, not targeting welfare recipients	Nov. 2015	$4,184	$2,065	$2,119	($4,899)	($714)	$0.85	46%
Case management for welfare recipients or low-income individuals	Nov. 2015	($1,131)	$299	($1,429)	($3,476)	($4,607)	($0.33)	18%
Case management for former welfare recipients	Nov. 2015	($1,147)	$378	($1,525)	($3,476)	($4,624)	($0.33)	20%
Training, no work experience	Nov. 2015	$2,497	$2,113	$384	($9,893)	($7,396)	$0.25	29%
Training with work experience for youth	Nov. 2015	($3,435)	$696	($4,131)	($8,783)	($12,219)	($0.39)	32%

To view details of all Workforce Development programs in a single pdf, click here.

Higher Education

For questions on benefit-cost results relating to Higher Education, contact Julia Cramer.

Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Total benefits	Taxpayer benefits	Non-taxpayer benefits	Costs	Benefits minus costs (net present value)	Benefit to cost ratio	Chance benefits will exceed costs
Early college high school (for high school students)	Feb. 2018	$100,471	$19,355	$81,116	($4,675)	$95,797	$21.49	93%
College advising provided by counselors (for high school students)	Jan. 2018	$35,991	$7,522	$28,470	($921)	$35,070	$39.08	98%
Dual enrollment (for high school students)	Dec. 2017	$34,191	$8,044	$26,147	($1,779)	$32,412	$19.22	100%
College in the high school (for high school students)	Feb. 2018	$28,552	$5,927	$22,625	($318)	$28,234	$89.75	100%
Summer outreach counseling (for high school graduates)	Dec. 2016	$22,969	$4,776	$18,193	($113)	$22,855	$202.38	91%
Performance-based scholarships (for high school students)	Dec. 2016	$7,411	$1,377	$6,034	($1,773)	$5,638	$4.18	74%
College advising provided by a peer mentor (for high school students)	Dec. 2016	$6,092	$1,386	$4,706	($925)	$5,167	$6.59	60%
Text message reminders (for high school students and graduates)	Jan. 2018	$4,642	$906	$3,736	($11)	$4,631	$415.66	60%
Text message reminders (for 2-year college students)	Dec. 2016	$4,355	$618	$3,737	($41)	$4,314	$105.48	96%
Student success courses (for 4-year college students)	Sep. 2017	$4,296	$882	$3,413	($693)	$3,602	$6.20	67%
Student success courses (for 2-year college students)	Sep. 2017	$713	$59	$653	($325)	$388	$2.20	65%
Learning communities—linked developmental and student success courses (for 2-year college students)	Jul. 2017	$234	$67	$166	($449)	($216)	$0.52	37%
Brief information interventions (for high school students)	Nov. 2017	($235)	($38)	($197)	($85)	($319)	($2.76)	44%
Learning communities—linked developmental and college courses (for 2-year college students)	Jul. 2017	$349	$128	$221	($1,024)	($675)	$0.34	19%
Text message reminders (for 4-year college students)	Dec. 2016	($1,253)	($180)	($1,073)	($41)	($1,295)	($30.35)	11%
Performance-based scholarships (for 4-year college students)	Dec. 2016	($134)	$205	($340)	($3,313)	($3,447)	($0.04)	12%
Performance-based scholarships (for 2-year college students)	Dec. 2016	($1,191)	$27	($1,218)	($3,103)	($4,294)	($0.38)	1%
Intensive advising (for 2-year college students)	Nov. 2017	($5,794)	($598)	($5,196)	($957)	($6,751)	($6.05)	18%

To view details of all Higher Education programs in a single pdf, click here.

Benefit-Cost Results

Benefit-cost methods last updated December 2023

Juvenile Justice

Other Juvenile Justice topics reviewed; benefit-cost results not yet available:

Adult Criminal Justice

Other Adult Criminal Justice topics reviewed; benefit-cost results not yet available:

Child Welfare

Other Child Welfare topics reviewed; benefit-cost results not yet available:

Pre-K to 12 Education

Other Pre-K to 12 Education topics reviewed; benefit-cost results not yet available:

Children's Mental Health

Other Children's Mental Health topics reviewed; benefit-cost results not yet available:

Health Care

Other Health Care topics reviewed; benefit-cost results not yet available:

Substance Use Disorders

Other Substance Use Disorders topics reviewed:

Adult Mental Health

Adult Mental Health topics reviewed:

Public Health & Prevention

Other Public Health & Prevention topics reviewed; benefit-cost results not yet available:

Workforce Development

Higher Education

Other Higher Education topics reviewed; benefit-cost results not yet available:

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Program name (click on the program name for more detail)	Date of last literature review	Notes
Accelerated Study in Associate Programs (ASAP)	Oct. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Community college promise programs (for high school students)	Aug. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Early commitment programs (for middle and high school students)	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Merit aid (for college students)	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Merit aid (for high school students)	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Merit aid with financial need requirements (for high school students)	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Need-based grants (for college students)	Dec. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Need-based grants (for high school students and graduates)	Dec. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Summer bridge (for high school graduates)	Dec. 2016	Click for meta-analytic results
Tuition sticker price increase at 2-year college (for college students)	Aug. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Tuition sticker price increase at 2-year college (for high school students and graduates)	Aug. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Tuition sticker price increase at 4-year college (for 4-year college students)	Aug. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
Tuition sticker price increase at 4-year college (for high school students and graduates)	Aug. 2017	Click for meta-analytic results
15 to Finish	Nov. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
College recovery programs	Dec. 2016	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Guided pathways	Dec. 2023	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Mathematics, Engineering, Science Achievement (MESA) program	Jan. 2018	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Open educational resources	Jun. 2017	No rigorous evaluation measuring outcome of interest.
Click to expand