ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
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Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $2,264 | Benefits minus costs | $7,827 | |||
Participants | $5,334 | Benefit to cost ratio | $5.55 | |||
Others | $2,811 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | ($861) | benefits greater than the costs | 62% | |||
Total benefits | $9,548 | |||||
Net program cost | ($1,722) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | $7,827 | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Test scores Standardized, validated tests of academic achievement. |
6 | 5 | 263 | 0.124 | 0.112 | 6 | 0.050 | 0.124 | 17 | 0.133 | 0.221 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Test scores | Labor market earnings associated with test scores | $2,264 | $5,334 | $2,811 | $0 | $10,409 |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($861) | ($861) |
Totals | $2,264 | $5,334 | $2,811 | ($861) | $9,548 | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $1,518 | 2018 | Present value of net program costs (in 2022 dollars) | ($1,722) |
Comparison costs | $0 | 2018 | Cost range (+ or -) | 20% |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Calhoon, M.B., Al Otaiba, S., Cihak, D., King, A., & Avalos, A. (2007). Effects of a peer-mediated program on reading skill acquisition for two-way bilingual first-grade classrooms. Learning Disability Quarterly, 30(3), 169-184.
Denton, C.A., Anthony, J. L., Parker, R., & Hasbrouck, J. E. (2004). Effects of two tutoring programs on the English reading development of Spanish-English bilingual students. The Elementary School Journal, 104(4), 289-305.
Kemp, S.C. (2006). Teaching to Read Naturally: Examination of a fluency training program for third grade students. Dissertation Abstracts International, 67(07A), 2447A.
Vadasy, P.F., Sanders, E.A., & Nelson, J.R. (2015). Effectiveness of supplemental Kindergarten vocabulary instruction for English learners: A randomized study of immediate and longer-term effects of two approaches. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 8(4), 490-529.