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Washington State Institute for Public Policy
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Bridges to Life (during incarceration)

Adult Criminal Justice
Benefit-cost methods last updated December 2024.  Literature review updated March 2024.
Bridges to Life (BTL) is a faith-based restorative justice curriculum for incarcerated individuals. BTL aims to promote prosocial behavior, reduce aggression, improve intergroup relationships, and reduce recidivism through empathy building and accountability practices. The curriculum utilizes a restorative justice conference format that brings together program participants and volunteer crime victims to promote an understanding of victim perspectives and consequences. BTL program materials emphasize ecumenical values including accountability, repentance, forgiveness, and reconciliation. Program participants are recruited with flyers in prison dorms and common areas. Weekly two-hour small group sessions are moderated by a volunteer coordinator over 3.5 months.
 
ALL
BENEFIT-COST
META-ANALYSIS
CITATIONS
For an overview of WSIPP's Benefit-Cost Model, please see this guide. The estimates shown are present value, life cycle benefits and costs. All dollars are expressed in the base year chosen for this analysis (2023).  The chance the benefits exceed the costs are derived from a Monte Carlo risk analysis. The details on this, as well as the economic discount rates and other relevant parameters are described in our Technical Documentation.
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant
Benefits to:
Taxpayers $4,557 Benefits minus costs $15,360
Participants $0 Benefit to cost ratio $95.81
Others $8,767 Chance the program will produce
Indirect $2,198 benefits greater than the costs 97%
Total benefits $15,522
Net program cost ($162)
Benefits minus cost $15,360

Meta-analysis is a statistical method to combine the results from separate studies on a program, policy, or topic to estimate its effect on an outcome. WSIPP systematically evaluates all credible evaluations we can locate on each topic. The outcomes measured are the program impacts measured in the research literature (for example, impacts on crime or educational attainment). Treatment N represents the total number of individuals or units in the treatment group across the included studies.

An effect size (ES) is a standard metric that summarizes the degree to which a program or policy affects a measured outcome. If the effect size is positive, the outcome increases. If the effect size is negative, the outcome decreases. See Estimating Program Effects Using Effect Sizes for additional information on how we estimate effect sizes.

The effect size may be adjusted from the unadjusted effect size estimated in the meta-analysis. Historically, WSIPP adjusted effect sizes to some programs based on the methodological characteristics of the study. For programs reviewed in 2024 or later, we do not make additional adjustments, and we use the unadjusted effect size whenever we run a benefit-cost analysis.

Research shows the magnitude of effects may change over time. For those effect sizes, we estimate outcome-based adjustments, which we apply between the first time ES is estimated and the second time ES is estimated. More details about these adjustments can be found in our Technical Documentation.

Meta-Analysis of Program Effects
Outcomes measured Treatment age No. of effect sizes Treatment N Effect sizes (ES) and standard errors (SE) used in the benefit-cost analysis Unadjusted effect size (random effects model)
First time ES is estimated Second time ES is estimated
ES SE Age ES SE Age ES p-value
Crime
Any criminal conviction according to court records, sometimes measured through charges, arrests, incarceration, or self-report.
 33 1 296 -0.225 0.119 34 -0.225 0.119 42 -0.225 0.058
1In addition to the outcomes measured in the meta-analysis table, WSIPP measures benefits and costs estimated from other outcomes associated with those reported in the evaluation literature. For example, empirical research demonstrates that high school graduation leads to reduced crime. These associated measures provide a more complete picture of the detailed costs and benefits of the program.

2“Others” includes benefits to people other than taxpayers and participants. Depending on the program, it could include reductions in crime victimization, the economic benefits from a more educated workforce, and the benefits from employer-paid health insurance.

3“Indirect benefits” includes estimates of the net changes in the value of a statistical life and net changes in the deadweight costs of taxation.
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant
Affected outcome: Resulting benefits:1 Benefits accrue to:
Taxpayers Participants Others2 Indirect3 Total
Crime Criminal justice system $4,557 $0 $8,767 $2,279 $15,603
Program cost Adjustment for deadweight cost of program $0 $0 $0 ($81) ($81)
Totals $4,557 $0 $8,767 $2,198 $15,522
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Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant
Annual cost Year dollars Summary
Program costs $162 2023 Present value of net program costs (in 2023 dollars) ($162)
Comparison costs $0 2023 Cost range (+ or -) 30%
The per-participant cost estimate includes the cost of volunteer time and program materials. We assume that volunteer facilitators spend 42 hours per group (14 two-hour sessions for 28 session hours, plus the program recommended 1 hour per week preparing for each of the 14 sessions) and that crime victim speakers spend 8 hours per group (4 two-hour sessions). We multiply this number of hours by the 2023 average Washington hourly wage (www.bls.gov) adjusted by 1.44 to account for benefits. We use Washington’s 2023 program participant counts to estimate a typical number of participants per group at 18.5 (ranging from 12 to 25 per group). We then add the cost of materials for each participant (core book and study guide).
The figures shown are estimates of the costs to implement programs in Washington. The comparison group costs reflect either no treatment or treatment as usual, depending on how effect sizes were calculated in the meta-analysis. The cost range reported above reflects potential variation or uncertainty in the cost estimate; more detail can be found in our Technical Documentation.
Benefits Minus Costs
Benefits by Perspective
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars)
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment.

Citations Used in the Meta-Analysis

Han, S., Valdovinos Olson, M., & Davis, R.C. (2021). Reducing recidivism through restorative justice: an evaluation of Bridges to Life in Dallas. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 60(7), 444-463.