ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $323 | Benefits minus costs | ($3,982) | |||
Participants | $176 | Benefit to cost ratio | ($0.23) | |||
Others | $272 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | ($1,517) | benefits greater than the costs | 1 % | |||
Total benefits | ($746) | |||||
Net program cost | ($3,236) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | ($3,982) | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | Primary or secondary participant | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Disruptive behavior disorder symptoms Clinical diagnosis of a disruptive behavior disorder (e.g., conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder) or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
7 | Primary | 4 | 259 | -0.056 | 0.091 | 7 | -0.031 | 0.056 | 10 | -0.549 | 0.025 |
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms Clinical diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
7 | Primary | 1 | 48 | -0.064 | 0.204 | 7 | 0.000 | 0.141 | 8 | -0.517 | 0.019 |
Internalizing symptoms Symptoms of internalizing behavior (e.g., sadness, anxiety, or withdrawal) measured on a validated scale. |
7 | Primary | 3 | 241 | -0.067 | 0.096 | 7 | -0.067 | 0.096 | 9 | -0.197 | 0.098 |
Parental stress^ Stress reported by a parent, typically measured on a validated scale such as the Parental Stress Index. |
33 | Secondary | 2 | 69 | -0.258 | 0.197 | 34 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.780 | 0.001 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Disruptive behavior disorder symptoms | Criminal justice system | $9 | $0 | $22 | $5 | $36 |
Labor market earnings associated with high school graduation | $61 | $143 | $78 | ($30) | $251 | |
K-12 grade repetition | $2 | $0 | $0 | $1 | $3 | |
K-12 special education | $89 | $0 | $0 | $45 | $134 | |
Health care associated with disruptive behavior disorder | $171 | $48 | $177 | $86 | $482 | |
Costs of higher education | ($10) | ($15) | ($4) | ($5) | ($34) | |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($1,618) | ($1,618) |
Totals | $323 | $176 | $272 | ($1,517) | ($746) | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $3,970 | 2015 | Present value of net program costs (in 2018 dollars) | ($3,236) |
Comparison costs | $868 | 2010 | Cost range (+ or -) | 40 % |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Barrera, M., Biglan, A., Taylor, T.K., Gunn, B.K., Smolkowski, K., Black, C., . . . Fowler, R.C. (2002). Early elementary school intervention to reduce conduct problems: A randomized trial with Hispanic and non-Hispanic children. Prevention Science, 3(2), 83-94.
Larsson, B., Fossum, S., Clifford, G., Drugli, M.B., Handegard, B.H., & Morch, W.T. (2009). Treatment of oppositional defiant and conduct problems in young Norwegian children: Results of a randomized controlled trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 18(1), 42-52.
Webster-Stratton, C., & Hammond, M. (1997). Treating children with early-onset conduct problems: A comparison of child and parent training interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(1), 93-100.
Webster-Stratton, C., Reid, M.J., & Beauchaine, T.P. (2011). Combining parent and child training for young children with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40(2), 191-203.