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Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC) (vs. group homes) for court-involved youth

Juvenile Justice
Benefit-cost methods last updated December 2024.  Literature review updated June 2019.
Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC) is an intensive therapeutic foster care alternative to institutional placement for adolescents who have problems with chronic antisocial behavior, emotional disturbance, and delinquency. MTFC activities include skills training and therapy for youth, as well as behavioral parent training and support for foster parents and biological parents. Participating youth are closely monitored by the foster parents. The length of the program varies and ranged from 5 to 15 months.

This analysis is on MTFC for adjudicated youth who are sentenced to out-of-home placement. The studies in this meta-analysis compared MTFC to treatment as usual, which typically involved placement in a group home. Treatment group youth were in MTFC for 197 days, on average, and comparison youth were typically in group homes for 189 days. In included studies that reported demographics, 23% of participants were youth of color and 58% were female.

Key Terms

Court-involved youth: Youth who are processed through the juvenile justice system but who are not ordered to a period of confinement in a residential or correctional facility. This includes populations of arrested youth, diverted youth, charged youth, adjudicated youth, and youth on probation or formal supervision.

Youth in state institutions: Youth who are confined in a residential or correctional facility when they participate in the program.

Youth post-release: Youth who are returning to the community following a period of confinement in a residential or correctional facility and who participate in the program after release to the community.
 
ALL
BENEFIT-COST
META-ANALYSIS
CITATIONS
For an overview of WSIPP's Benefit-Cost Model, please see this guide. The estimates shown are present value, life cycle benefits and costs. All dollars are expressed in the base year chosen for this analysis (2023).  The chance the benefits exceed the costs are derived from a Monte Carlo risk analysis. The details on this, as well as the economic discount rates and other relevant parameters are described in our Technical Documentation.
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant
Benefits to:
Taxpayers $13,296 Benefits minus costs $36,104
Participants $350 Benefit to cost ratio $4.29
Others $32,339 Chance the program will produce
Indirect $1,104 benefits greater than the costs 99%
Total benefits $47,089
Net program cost ($10,985)
Benefits minus cost $36,104

^WSIPP’s benefit-cost model does not monetize this outcome.

^^WSIPP does not include this outcome when conducting benefit-cost analysis for this program.

Meta-analysis is a statistical method to combine the results from separate studies on a program, policy, or topic to estimate its effect on an outcome. WSIPP systematically evaluates all credible evaluations we can locate on each topic. The outcomes measured are the program impacts measured in the research literature (for example, impacts on crime or educational attainment). Treatment N represents the total number of individuals or units in the treatment group across the included studies.

An effect size (ES) is a standard metric that summarizes the degree to which a program or policy affects a measured outcome. If the effect size is positive, the outcome increases. If the effect size is negative, the outcome decreases. See Estimating Program Effects Using Effect Sizes for additional information on how we estimate effect sizes.

The effect size may be adjusted from the unadjusted effect size estimated in the meta-analysis. Historically, WSIPP adjusted effect sizes to some programs based on the methodological characteristics of the study. For programs reviewed in 2024 or later, we do not make additional adjustments, and we use the unadjusted effect size whenever we run a benefit-cost analysis.

Research shows the magnitude of effects may change over time. For those effect sizes, we estimate outcome-based adjustments, which we apply between the first time ES is estimated and the second time ES is estimated. More details about these adjustments can be found in our Technical Documentation.

Meta-Analysis of Program Effects
Outcomes measured Treatment age No. of effect sizes Treatment N Effect sizes (ES) and standard errors (SE) used in the benefit-cost analysis Unadjusted effect size (random effects model)
First time ES is estimated Second time ES is estimated
ES SE Age ES SE Age ES p-value
Crime
Any criminal conviction according to court records, sometimes measured through charges, arrests, incarceration, or self-report.
 15 4 157 -0.548 0.166 16 -0.548 0.166 24 -0.548 0.001
Alcohol use before end of high school^^
Any use of alcohol by the end of high school, typically between ages 14 and 18.
15 1 32 -0.126 0.240 16 n/a n/a n/a -0.126 0.601
Cannabis use before end of high school^^
Any use of cannabis by the end of high school, typically between ages 14 and 18.
15 1 32 -0.230 0.241 16 n/a n/a n/a -0.230 0.340
Substance use^
Nonspecified substance use (i.e., alcohol, cannabis, or illicit drugs) that does not rise to the level of "disordered."
 15 1 32 -0.261 0.241 16 n/a n/a n/a -0.261 0.279
Regular smoking^^
Smoking tobacco on a regular basis.
 15 1 32 -0.190 0.240 16 n/a n/a n/a -0.190 0.429
Major depressive disorder
Clinical diagnosis of major depression or symptoms measured on a validated scale.
 15 1 81 -0.378 0.157 23 0.000 0.310 25 -0.378 0.016
Psychosis symptoms (positive)^
Symptoms of psychosis that are experienced in addition to normal function (e.g., delusions, hallucinations, or agitation) measured on a validated scale, for individuals with serious mental illness.
 15 1 75 -0.364 0.216 16 n/a n/a n/a -0.364 0.091
Suicide attempts^
An attempt to die by suicide resulting in survival.
 15 1 81 0.095 0.233 23 n/a n/a n/a 0.095 0.685
Suicidal ideation^
Thinking about and/or planning death by suicide.
 15 1 81 -0.458 0.157 23 n/a n/a n/a -0.458 0.004
Teen pregnancy (under age 18)^
Becoming pregnant (or getting someone else pregnant) before age 18.
15 1 78 -0.538 0.187 16 n/a n/a n/a -0.538 0.004
1In addition to the outcomes measured in the meta-analysis table, WSIPP measures benefits and costs estimated from other outcomes associated with those reported in the evaluation literature. For example, empirical research demonstrates that high school graduation leads to reduced crime. These associated measures provide a more complete picture of the detailed costs and benefits of the program.

2“Others” includes benefits to people other than taxpayers and participants. Depending on the program, it could include reductions in crime victimization, the economic benefits from a more educated workforce, and the benefits from employer-paid health insurance.

3“Indirect benefits” includes estimates of the net changes in the value of a statistical life and net changes in the deadweight costs of taxation.
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant
Affected outcome: Resulting benefits:1 Benefits accrue to:
Taxpayers Participants Others2 Indirect3 Total
Crime Criminal justice system $13,037 $0 $32,217 $6,519 $51,773
Major depressive disorder K-12 grade repetition $7 $0 $0 $3 $10
Labor market earnings associated with major depression $133 $314 $0 $0 $447
Health care associated with major depression $118 $33 $122 $59 $332
Mortality associated with depression $1 $3 $0 $15 $19
Program cost Adjustment for deadweight cost of program $0 $0 $0 ($5,492) ($5,492)
Totals $13,296 $350 $32,339 $1,104 $47,089
Click here to see populations selected
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant
Annual cost Year dollars Summary
Program costs $27,863 2017 Present value of net program costs (in 2023 dollars) ($10,985)
Comparison costs $18,232 2015 Cost range (+ or -) 20%
We estimate the per-participant cost of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC) using the per-client cost of community placement (modeled after MTFC) reported by Washington State Department of Social and Health Services, Client Services (2019, http://clientdata.rda.dshs.wa.gov/Home/ShowReport?reportMode=0). We estimate the per-participant cost for youth in the comparison group using the average daily costs for group home care reported in McKay, P., Hollist, D., & Mayrer, J. (2016). Foster or group home care for youth on probation. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, Missoula. We apply this daily cost ($96.48) to the average time spent in group care by participants in the studies (189 days).
The figures shown are estimates of the costs to implement programs in Washington. The comparison group costs reflect either no treatment or treatment as usual, depending on how effect sizes were calculated in the meta-analysis. The cost range reported above reflects potential variation or uncertainty in the cost estimate; more detail can be found in our Technical Documentation.
Benefits Minus Costs
Benefits by Perspective
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars)
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment.

Citations Used in the Meta-Analysis

Biehal, N., Ellison, S., & Sinclair, I. (2012). Intensive fostering: an independent evaluation of MTFC in an English setting. Adoption & Fostering, 36(1), 13-26.

Chamberlain, P. (1990). Comparative evaluation of specialized foster care for seriously delinquent youths: A first step. Community Alternatives: International Journal of Family Care, 2(2), 21-36.

Chamberlain, P., Fisher, P.A., & Moore, K. (2002). Multidimensional treatment foster care: Applications of the OSLC intervention model to high-risk youth and their families. In J. B. Reid, G. R. Patterson, & J. Snyder (Eds.), Antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: A developmental analysis and model for intervention (pp. 203-218). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.

Kerr, D.C., DeGarmo, D.S., Leve, L.D., & Chamberlain, P. (2014). Juvenile justice girls’ depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation 9 years after multidimensional treatment foster care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(4), 684-693.

Kerr, D.C., Leve, L.D., & Chamberlain, P. (2009). Pregnancy rates among juvenile justice girls in two randomized controlled trials of multidimensional treatment foster care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 588-593.

Poulton, R., Van, R. M.J., Harold, G.T., Chamberlain, P., Fowler, D., Cannon, M., Arseneault, L., & Leve, L.D. (2014). Effects of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care on Psychotic Symptoms in Girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(12), 1279-1287.

Smith, D.K., Chamberlain, P., & Eddy, J.M. (2010). Preliminary support for Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care in reducing substance use in delinquent boys. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 19(4), 343-358.

Van Ryzin, M.J., & Leve, L.D. (2012). Affiliation with delinquent peers as a mediator of the effects of multidimensional treatment foster care for delinquent girls. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(4), 588-96.