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Washington State Institute for Public Policy
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Day treatment with abstinence contingencies and vouchers

Substance Use Disorders: Treatment for Adults
Benefit-cost methods last updated December 2024.  Literature review updated May 2014.
This program was archived December 2024.
Day treatment with abstinence contingencies or vouchers is a standalone treatment that combines day treatment interventions with contingency management. This intervention was originally developed to treat homeless drug users. Day treatment consists of approximately five hours of primarily group activities including counseling, recreational activities, skills building, etc. as well as lunch. Treatment in the included study occurred five days per week during the first two months and two times per week for four months. Contingencies were provided dependent on negative urinalysis results. These contingencies included housing and minimum wage employment. Other programs might also offer subsidies for utilities or vouchers for items such as personal hygiene products.
 
ALL
BENEFIT-COST
META-ANALYSIS
CITATIONS
For an overview of WSIPP's Benefit-Cost Model, please see this guide. The estimates shown are present value, life cycle benefits and costs. All dollars are expressed in the base year chosen for this analysis (2022).  The chance the benefits exceed the costs are derived from a Monte Carlo risk analysis. The details on this, as well as the economic discount rates and other relevant parameters are described in our 2023 Technical Documentation.
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant
Benefits to:
Taxpayers $974 Benefits minus costs ($3,646)
Participants $1,408 Benefit to cost ratio $0.43
Others $415 Chance the program will produce
Indirect ($68) benefits greater than the costs 44%
Total benefits $2,729
Net program cost ($6,375)
Benefits minus cost ($3,646)

Meta-analysis is a statistical method to combine the results from separate studies on a program, policy, or topic to estimate its effect on an outcome. WSIPP systematically evaluates all credible evaluations we can locate on each topic. The outcomes measured are the program impacts measured in the research literature (for example, impacts on crime or educational attainment). Treatment N represents the total number of individuals or units in the treatment group across the included studies.

An effect size (ES) is a standard metric that summarizes the degree to which a program or policy affects a measured outcome. If the effect size is positive, the outcome increases. If the effect size is negative, the outcome decreases. See Estimating Program Effects Using Effect Sizes for additional information on how we estimate effect sizes.

The effect size may be adjusted from the unadjusted effect size estimated in the meta-analysis. Historically, WSIPP adjusted effect sizes to some programs based on the methodological characteristics of the study. For programs reviewed in 2024 or later, we do not make additional adjustments, and we use the unadjusted effect size whenever we run a benefit-cost analysis.

Research shows the magnitude of effects may change over time. For those effect sizes, we estimate outcome-based adjustments, which we apply between the first time ES is estimated and the second time ES is estimated. More details about these adjustments can be found in our 2023 Technical Documentation.

Meta-Analysis of Program Effects
Outcomes measured Treatment age No. of effect sizes Treatment N Effect sizes (ES) and standard errors (SE) used in the benefit-cost analysis Unadjusted effect size (random effects model)
First time ES is estimated Second time ES is estimated
ES SE Age ES SE Age ES p-value
Illicit drug use disorder
Clinical diagnosis of illicit drug use disorder or symptoms measured on a validated scale. When possible, we exclude cannabis/marijuana use disorder from this outcome.
 36 1 69 -0.231 0.213 36 0.000 0.187 39 -0.231 0.279
1In addition to the outcomes measured in the meta-analysis table, WSIPP measures benefits and costs estimated from other outcomes associated with those reported in the evaluation literature. For example, empirical research demonstrates that high school graduation leads to reduced crime. These associated measures provide a more complete picture of the detailed costs and benefits of the program.

2“Others” includes benefits to people other than taxpayers and participants. Depending on the program, it could include reductions in crime victimization, the economic benefits from a more educated workforce, and the benefits from employer-paid health insurance.

3“Indirect benefits” includes estimates of the net changes in the value of a statistical life and net changes in the deadweight costs of taxation.
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant
Affected outcome: Resulting benefits:1 Benefits accrue to:
Taxpayers Participants Others2 Indirect3 Total
Illicit drug use disorder Criminal justice system $1 $0 $2 $0 $3
Labor market earnings associated with illicit drug abuse or dependence $419 $987 $0 $0 $1,406
Health care associated with illicit drug abuse or dependence $402 $62 $413 $201 $1,079
Mortality associated with illicit drugs $152 $359 $0 $2,918 $3,429
Program cost Adjustment for deadweight cost of program $0 $0 $0 ($3,188) ($3,188)
Totals $974 $1,408 $415 ($68) $2,729
Click here to see populations selected
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant
Annual cost Year dollars Summary
Program costs $7,571 2013 Present value of net program costs (in 2022 dollars) ($6,375)
Comparison costs $2,312 2013 Cost range (+ or -) 10%
This program was provided over six months. The per-participant treatment cost estimate is the weighted average of the group therapy sessions provided in the study included in the analysis plus the expected average cost of the abstinence contingency. We calculate the average cost of the group therapy using Washington's Medicaid hourly reimbursement rate for outpatient group therapy, multiplied by the total hours of these therapies in the study (averaging 296 total hours). Comparison group costs are computed as a weighted average of group and individual therapies based on treatment received in the study (standard intensive outpatient treatment or standard group therapy).
The figures shown are estimates of the costs to implement programs in Washington. The comparison group costs reflect either no treatment or treatment as usual, depending on how effect sizes were calculated in the meta-analysis. The cost range reported above reflects potential variation or uncertainty in the cost estimate; more detail can be found in our 2023 Technical Documentation.
Benefits Minus Costs
Benefits by Perspective
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars)
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment.

Citations Used in the Meta-Analysis

Milby, J.B., Schumacher, J.E., Raczynski, J.M., Caldwell, E., Engle, M., Michael, M., Carr, J. (1996). Sufficient Conditions for Effective Treatment of Substance Abusing Homeless Persons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 43(1), 39-47.