ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $3,622 | Benefits minus costs | $4,660 | |||
Participants | $9,196 | Benefit to cost ratio | $3.17 | |||
Others | ($328) | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | ($5,686) | benefits greater than the costs | 56 % | |||
Total benefits | $6,805 | |||||
Net program cost | ($2,145) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | $4,660 | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Crime Any criminal conviction according to court records, sometimes measured through charges, arrests, incarceration, or self-report. |
36 | 2 | 89 | 0.157 | 0.309 | 36 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 39 | 0.157 | 0.611 | |
Alcohol use disorder Clinical diagnosis of alcohol use disorder or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
36 | 3 | 176 | -0.057 | 0.126 | 36 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 39 | -0.057 | 0.652 | |
Employment Any employment, including part-time work. |
36 | 2 | 89 | 0.364 | 0.245 | 36 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 39 | 0.364 | 0.138 | |
Major depressive disorder Clinical diagnosis of major depression or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
36 | 3 | 180 | -0.056 | 0.242 | 36 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 39 | -0.056 | 0.953 | |
Illicit drug use disorder Clinical diagnosis of illicit drug use disorder or symptoms measured on a validated scale. When possible, we exclude cannabis/marijuana use disorder from this outcome. |
36 | 3 | 213 | 0.161 | 0.150 | 36 | 0.000 | 0.187 | 39 | 0.161 | 0.211 | |
Anxiety disorder Clinical diagnosis of an anxiety disorder (e.g., general anxiety, panic, social anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder) or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
36 | 2 | 123 | 0.120 | 0.143 | 36 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 39 | 0.120 | 0.401 | |
Psychiatric symptoms^ Mental health symptoms (such as symptoms of psychosis) in individuals with serious mental illness, measured on a validated scale. |
36 | 3 | 180 | -0.146 | 0.215 | 36 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.146 | 0.497 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Crime | Criminal justice system | ($4) | $0 | ($11) | ($2) | ($17) |
Alcohol use disorder | Property loss associated with alcohol abuse or dependence | $0 | $0 | $1 | $0 | $1 |
Mortality associated with alcohol | $0 | $0 | $0 | $3 | $4 | |
Employment | Labor market earnings | $3,956 | $9,293 | $0 | ($1,978) | $11,271 |
Major depressive disorder | Health care associated with major depression | $9 | $3 | $10 | $5 | $26 |
Illicit drug use disorder | Health care associated with illicit drug abuse or dependence | ($318) | ($49) | ($326) | ($159) | ($852) |
Mortality associated with illicit drugs | ($22) | ($51) | $0 | ($2,482) | ($2,555) | |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($1,073) | ($1,073) |
Totals | $3,622 | $9,196 | ($328) | ($5,686) | $6,805 | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $1,979 | 2013 | Present value of net program costs (in 2018 dollars) | ($2,145) |
Comparison costs | $0 | 2013 | Cost range (+ or -) | 20 % |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Crits-Christoph, P., Siqueland, L., McCalmont, E., Frank, A., Blaine, J., Weiss, R.D., …, Thase, M.E. (2001). Impact of Psychosocial Treatments on Associated Problems of Cocaine-Dependent Patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(5), 825-830.
Crits-Christoph, P., Siqueland, L., Blaine, J., Frank, A., Luborsky, L., Onken, L. S., …, Beck, A.T. (1999). Psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence: National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(6), 493-502.
Woody, G.E., Luborsky, L., McLellan, A.T., O'Brien, C.P., Beck, A.T., Blaine, J., Herman, I., Hole, A. (1983). Psychotherapy for opiate addicts: Does it help?. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40(6), 639-645.
Woody, G.E., McLellan, A.T., Luborsky, L. & OBrien, C.P. (1995). Psychotherapy in Community Methadone Programs: A Validation Study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(9), 1302-1308.