skip to main content
Washington State Institute for Public Policy
Back Button

Non-Medicaid enhanced prenatal care programs for African-American women

Healthcare: Maternal and Infant Health
  Literature review updated December 2016.

Non-Medicaid enhanced prenatal care programs for African-American women provide psychosocial support and health education regarding risk reduction. Some programs also include case management and nutritional counseling. Services are provided by paraprofessionals or nurses. Participants typically receive the program for five months, including prenatal and postpartum services. All women in treatment and comparison groups receive clinical prenatal care (treatment as usual).
 
ALL
META-ANALYSIS
CITATIONS

Meta-analysis is a statistical method to combine the results from separate studies on a program, policy, or topic to estimate its effect on an outcome. WSIPP systematically evaluates all credible evaluations we can locate on each topic. The outcomes measured are the program impacts measured in the research literature (for example, impacts on crime or educational attainment). Treatment N represents the total number of individuals or units in the treatment group across the included studies.

An effect size (ES) is a standard metric that summarizes the degree to which a program or policy affects a measured outcome. If the effect size is positive, the outcome increases. If the effect size is negative, the outcome decreases. See Estimating Program Effects Using Effect Sizes for additional information on how we estimate effect sizes.

The effect size may be adjusted from the unadjusted effect size estimated in the meta-analysis. Historically, WSIPP adjusted effect sizes to some programs based on the methodological characteristics of the study. For programs reviewed in 2024 or later, we do not make additional adjustments, and we use the unadjusted effect size whenever we run a benefit-cost analysis.

Research shows the magnitude of effects may change over time. For those effect sizes, we estimate outcome-based adjustments, which we apply between the first time ES is estimated and the second time ES is estimated. More details about these adjustments can be found in our Technical Documentation.

Meta-Analysis of Program Effects
Outcomes measured No. of effect sizes Treatment N Effect sizes (ES) and standard errors (SE) Unadjusted effect size (random effects model)
ES SE Age ES p-value
Crime
Any criminal conviction according to court records, sometimes measured through charges, arrests, incarceration, or self-report.
 0 1 214 0.061 0.107 31 0.061 0.571
Domestic violence
Arrests, charges, convictions, or incarcerations for domestic violence.
 0 6 2103 0.002 0.064 31 0.002 0.971

Citations Used in the Meta-Analysis

Herman, A.A., Berendes, H.W., Yu, K.F., Cooper, L.C., Overpeck, M.D., Rhoads, G., . . . Coates, D.L. (1996). Evaluation of the effectiveness of a community-based enriched model prenatal intervention project in the District of Columbia. Health Services Research, 31(5), 609-21.

Klerman, L.V., Ramey, S.L., Goldenberg, R.L., Marbury, S., Hou, J., & Cliver, S.P. (2001). A randomized trial of augmented prenatal care for multiple-risk, Medicaid-eligible African American women. American Journal of Public Health, 91(1), 105-11.

Norbeck, J.S., DeJoseph, J.F., & Smith, R.T. (1996). A randomized trial of an empirically-derived social support intervention to prevent low birthweight among African American women. Social Science & Medicine, 43(6), 947-954.

Peoples, M.D., Grimson, R.C., & Daughtry, G.L. (1984). Evaluation of the effects of the North Carolina Improved Pregnancy Outcome Project: implications for state-level decision-making. American Journal of Public Health, 74(6), 549-54.