skip to main content
Washington State Institute for Public Policy
Back Button

Resource Mothers Program

Healthcare: Maternal and Infant Health
Benefit-cost methods last updated December 2024.  Literature review updated December 2016.
The Resource Mothers Program is a prenatal home visiting programs for pregnant adolescents age 19 and under. Adolescent women are eligible for this program during their pregnancy and for 12 months postpartum. In this program, a paraprofessional provider called a “resource mother” makes monthly visits to the adolescents’ home to provide case management, risk assessments, psychosocial support, or health education. Resource mothers are supervised by a social worker.
The Resource Mothers Program provides an average of 16 home visiting hours, 1 training hour, and 1 supervisory hour per participant. All women in treatment and comparison groups receive clinical prenatal care (treatment as usual). Both studies included in this analysis were implemented in South Carolina.
 
ALL
BENEFIT-COST
META-ANALYSIS
CITATIONS
For an overview of WSIPP's Benefit-Cost Model, please see this guide. The estimates shown are present value, life cycle benefits and costs. All dollars are expressed in the base year chosen for this analysis (2023).  The chance the benefits exceed the costs are derived from a Monte Carlo risk analysis. The details on this, as well as the economic discount rates and other relevant parameters are described in our Technical Documentation.
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant
Benefits to:
Taxpayers $421 Benefits minus costs $1,531
Participants $269 Benefit to cost ratio $2.75
Others $0 Chance the program will produce
Indirect $1,716 benefits greater than the costs 83%
Total benefits $2,407
Net program cost ($876)
Benefits minus cost $1,531

***We report this outcome twice: once for mothers (designated as the primary participant) and once for infants (designated as the secondary participant). We do this because the outcome is associated with costs and benefits for both mothers and infants, and the amount of the cost or benefit is different for mothers than it is for infants.

Meta-analysis is a statistical method to combine the results from separate studies on a program, policy, or topic to estimate its effect on an outcome. WSIPP systematically evaluates all credible evaluations we can locate on each topic. The outcomes measured are the program impacts measured in the research literature (for example, impacts on crime or educational attainment). Treatment N represents the total number of individuals or units in the treatment group across the included studies.

An effect size (ES) is a standard metric that summarizes the degree to which a program or policy affects a measured outcome. If the effect size is positive, the outcome increases. If the effect size is negative, the outcome decreases. See Estimating Program Effects Using Effect Sizes for additional information on how we estimate effect sizes.

The effect size may be adjusted from the unadjusted effect size estimated in the meta-analysis. Historically, WSIPP adjusted effect sizes to some programs based on the methodological characteristics of the study. For programs reviewed in 2024 or later, we do not make additional adjustments, and we use the unadjusted effect size whenever we run a benefit-cost analysis.

Research shows the magnitude of effects may change over time. For those effect sizes, we estimate outcome-based adjustments, which we apply between the first time ES is estimated and the second time ES is estimated. More details about these adjustments can be found in our Technical Documentation.

Meta-Analysis of Program Effects
Outcomes measured Treatment age Primary or secondary participant No. of effect sizes Treatment N Effect sizes (ES) and standard errors (SE) used in the benefit-cost analysis Unadjusted effect size (random effects model)
First time ES is estimated Second time ES is estimated
ES SE Age ES SE Age ES p-value
Low birthweight birth***
Infant is born with a birth weight less than 2,500 grams.
 16 Primary 2 2466 -0.037 0.044 16 0.000 0.000 17 -0.111 0.271
Preterm birth***
Infant is born at less than 37 weeks gestation.
 16 Primary 1 1901 -0.085 0.045 16 0.000 0.000 17 -0.085 0.058
Small for gestational age (SGA)***
Infants with birthweight at or below the 10th percentile compared with infants of the same gestational age.
16 Primary 1 565 -0.088 0.079 16 0.000 0.000 17 -0.245 0.002
Very low birthweight birth***
Infant is born weighing less than 1,500 grams.
 16 Primary 1 565 -0.042 0.079 16 0.000 0.000 17 -0.118 0.137
Low birthweight birth***
Infant is born with a birth weight less than 2,500 grams.
 1 Secondary 2 2466 -0.037 0.044 1 0.000 0.000 2 -0.111 0.271
Preterm birth***
Infant is born at less than 37 weeks gestation.
 1 Secondary 1 1901 -0.085 0.045 1 0.000 0.000 2 -0.085 0.058
Small for gestational age (SGA)***
Infants with birthweight at or below the 10th percentile compared with infants of the same gestational age.
1 Secondary 1 565 -0.088 0.079 1 0.000 0.000 2 -0.245 0.002
Very low birthweight birth***
Infant is born weighing less than 1,500 grams.
 1 Secondary 1 565 -0.042 0.079 1 0.000 0.000 2 -0.118 0.137
1In addition to the outcomes measured in the meta-analysis table, WSIPP measures benefits and costs estimated from other outcomes associated with those reported in the evaluation literature. For example, empirical research demonstrates that high school graduation leads to reduced crime. These associated measures provide a more complete picture of the detailed costs and benefits of the program.

2“Others” includes benefits to people other than taxpayers and participants. Depending on the program, it could include reductions in crime victimization, the economic benefits from a more educated workforce, and the benefits from employer-paid health insurance.

3“Indirect benefits” includes estimates of the net changes in the value of a statistical life and net changes in the deadweight costs of taxation.
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant
Affected outcome: Resulting benefits:1 Benefits accrue to:
Taxpayers Participants Others2 Indirect3 Total
Preterm birth Health care associated with preterm births $33 $0 $0 $17 $50
Subtotals $33 $0 $0 $17 $50
From secondary participant
Preterm birth Infant mortality $114 $269 $0 $2,001 $2,385
Health care associated with preterm births $274 $0 $0 $137 $411
Subtotals $388 $269 $0 $2,138 $2,795
Program cost Adjustment for deadweight cost of program $0 $0 $0 ($438) ($438)
Totals $421 $269 $0 $1,716 $2,407
Click here to see populations selected
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant
Annual cost Year dollars Summary
Program costs $715 2016 Present value of net program costs (in 2023 dollars) ($876)
Comparison costs $0 2016 Cost range (+ or -) 10%
Treatment cost estimates for this program reflect costs beyond treatment as usual. We estimate provider hours including home visiting hours, training hours, and supervisory hours; apply the mean hourly wage estimate for Washington State reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (September 2016) for the appropriate provider; and increase wages by a factor of 1.441 to account for the cost of employee benefits. Included studies averaged 16 home visiting hours, 1 training hour, and 1 supervisory hour per participant.
The figures shown are estimates of the costs to implement programs in Washington. The comparison group costs reflect either no treatment or treatment as usual, depending on how effect sizes were calculated in the meta-analysis. The cost range reported above reflects potential variation or uncertainty in the cost estimate; more detail can be found in our Technical Documentation.
Benefits Minus Costs
Benefits by Perspective
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars)
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment.

Citations Used in the Meta-Analysis

Heins, H.C. Jr., Nance, N.W., & Ferguson, J.E. (1987). Social support in improving perinatal outcome: the Resource Mothers Program. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 70(2), 263-6.

Rogers, M.M., Peoples-Sheps, M.D., & Suchindran, C. (1996). Impact of a social support program on teenage prenatal care use and pregnancy outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Health, 19(2), 132-140.