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Sex offender registration and community notification

Adult Criminal Justice
Benefit-cost methods last updated December 2024.  Literature review updated November 2016.
Registration laws require individuals convicted of certain sex offenses to register with local law enforcement. Notification laws authorize officials to notify the public when high-risk individuals are released from confinement into the community. These measures aim to increase community safeguards and assist law enforcement in tracking convicted persons.
In this meta-analysis, we analyzed both the specific and general deterrent effects of the law. Specific deterrence refers to the concept of discouraging further criminal behavior through the experience of punishment. General deterrence refers to the concept of discouraging criminal behavior through the threat of punishment. In this analysis, the benefit-cost results rely solely on the effects of specific deterrence effect size. We are unable to estimate the benefits of the general deterrent effect at this time.
 
ALL
BENEFIT-COST
META-ANALYSIS
CITATIONS
For an overview of WSIPP's Benefit-Cost Model, please see this guide. The estimates shown are present value, life cycle benefits and costs. All dollars are expressed in the base year chosen for this analysis (2023).  The chance the benefits exceed the costs are derived from a Monte Carlo risk analysis. The details on this, as well as the economic discount rates and other relevant parameters are described in our Technical Documentation.
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant
Benefits to:
Taxpayers ($228) Benefits minus costs ($1,876)
Participants $0 Benefit to cost ratio ($3.38)
Others ($891) Chance the program will produce
Indirect ($328) benefits greater than the costs 30%
Total benefits ($1,447)
Net program cost ($429)
Benefits minus cost ($1,876)

^WSIPP’s benefit-cost model does not monetize this outcome.

Meta-analysis is a statistical method to combine the results from separate studies on a program, policy, or topic to estimate its effect on an outcome. WSIPP systematically evaluates all credible evaluations we can locate on each topic. The outcomes measured are the program impacts measured in the research literature (for example, impacts on crime or educational attainment). Treatment N represents the total number of individuals or units in the treatment group across the included studies.

An effect size (ES) is a standard metric that summarizes the degree to which a program or policy affects a measured outcome. If the effect size is positive, the outcome increases. If the effect size is negative, the outcome decreases. See Estimating Program Effects Using Effect Sizes for additional information on how we estimate effect sizes.

The effect size may be adjusted from the unadjusted effect size estimated in the meta-analysis. Historically, WSIPP adjusted effect sizes to some programs based on the methodological characteristics of the study. For programs reviewed in 2024 or later, we do not make additional adjustments, and we use the unadjusted effect size whenever we run a benefit-cost analysis.

Research shows the magnitude of effects may change over time. For those effect sizes, we estimate outcome-based adjustments, which we apply between the first time ES is estimated and the second time ES is estimated. More details about these adjustments can be found in our Technical Documentation.

Meta-Analysis of Program Effects
Outcomes measured Treatment age No. of effect sizes Treatment N Effect sizes (ES) and standard errors (SE) used in the benefit-cost analysis Unadjusted effect size (random effects model)
First time ES is estimated Second time ES is estimated
ES SE Age ES SE Age ES p-value
Crime
Involvement in the criminal justice system (e.g., arrests, charges, convictions, incarceration) measured through administrative records (e.g. court records, arrests) or self-report.
 35 7 19142 0.016 0.046 36 0.016 0.046 44 0.022 0.836
Sex offense^
Arrests, charges, convictions, or incarcerations for a sex offense.
 35 8 24392 -0.043 0.063 35 n/a n/a n/a -0.078 0.590
General deterrence^
A broad measure of crime rates at the community level.
35 1 825 -0.050 0.013 35 n/a n/a n/a -0.050 0.001
1In addition to the outcomes measured in the meta-analysis table, WSIPP measures benefits and costs estimated from other outcomes associated with those reported in the evaluation literature. For example, empirical research demonstrates that high school graduation leads to reduced crime. These associated measures provide a more complete picture of the detailed costs and benefits of the program.

2“Others” includes benefits to people other than taxpayers and participants. Depending on the program, it could include reductions in crime victimization, the economic benefits from a more educated workforce, and the benefits from employer-paid health insurance.

3“Indirect benefits” includes estimates of the net changes in the value of a statistical life and net changes in the deadweight costs of taxation.
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant
Affected outcome: Resulting benefits:1 Benefits accrue to:
Taxpayers Participants Others2 Indirect3 Total
Crime Criminal justice system ($228) $0 ($891) ($114) ($1,233)
Program cost Adjustment for deadweight cost of program $0 $0 $0 ($214) ($214)
Totals ($228) $0 ($891) ($328) ($1,447)
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Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant
Annual cost Year dollars Summary
Program costs $350 2016 Present value of net program costs (in 2023 dollars) ($429)
Comparison costs $0 2016 Cost range (+ or -) 10%
The per-participant cost estimates for this program were calculated using data provided by the Washington State Patrol and the Washington Association of Sheriffs and Police Chiefs.
The figures shown are estimates of the costs to implement programs in Washington. The comparison group costs reflect either no treatment or treatment as usual, depending on how effect sizes were calculated in the meta-analysis. The cost range reported above reflects potential variation or uncertainty in the cost estimate; more detail can be found in our Technical Documentation.
Benefits Minus Costs
Benefits by Perspective
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars)
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment.

Citations Used in the Meta-Analysis

Agan, A. (np). Sex offender registries: Fear without function?

Barnoski, R. (2005). Sex offender sentencing in Washington State. Has community notification reduced recidivism? Document No. 05-12-1202. Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.

Duwe, G., & Donnay, W. (2008). The impact of Megan's Law on sex offender recidivism: the Minnesota experience. Criminology, 46(2), 411-446

Freeman, N.J. (2009). The public safety impact of community notification laws: Rearrest of convicted sex offenders. Crime & Delinquency.

Maddan, S., Miller, J. M., Walker, J. T., & Marshall, I. H. (2011). Utilizing criminal history information to explore the effect of community notification on sex offender recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 28(2), 303-324.

Schram, D.D., Milloy, C.D. 1995. Community Notification: A Study of Offender Characteristics and Recidivism. Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.

Shao, L. & Li, J. (not published). The effect of sex offender registration laws on rape victimization.

Tewksbury, R., & Jennings, W.G. (2010). Assessing the impact of sex offender registration and community notification on sex-offending trajectories. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(5), 570-582.

Tewksbury, R., Jennings, W.G., & Zgoba, K.M. (2011). A longitudinal examination of sex offender recidivism prior to and following the implementation of SORN. Behavioral Sciences & The Law.

Zgoba, I., Veysey, B.M., & Dalessandro, M. (2010). An analysis of the effectiveness of community notification and registration: Do the best intentions predict the best practices? Justice Quarterly, 27(5), 667-691.