ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $1,945 | Benefits minus costs | $4,233 | |||
Participants | $3,143 | Benefit to cost ratio | $6.31 | |||
Others | $652 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | ($710) | benefits greater than the costs | 59 % | |||
Total benefits | $5,030 | |||||
Net program cost | ($797) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | $4,233 | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | Primary or secondary participant | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Disruptive behavior disorder symptoms Clinical diagnosis of a disruptive behavior disorder (e.g., conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder) or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
6 | Primary | 7 | 311 | -0.112 | 0.096 | 6 | -0.062 | 0.064 | 9 | -0.761 | 0.001 |
Major depressive disorder^^ Clinical diagnosis of major depression or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
6 | Primary | 1 | 26 | -0.208 | 0.495 | 6 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.910 | 0.124 |
Major depressive disorder Clinical diagnosis of major depression or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
35 | Secondary | 2 | 79 | -0.094 | 0.201 | 35 | -0.049 | 0.246 | 37 | -0.411 | 0.043 |
Anxiety disorder^^ Clinical diagnosis of an anxiety disorder (e.g., general anxiety, panic, social anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder) or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
6 | Primary | 1 | 26 | -0.070 | 0.991 | 6 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.306 | 0.776 |
Anxiety disorder Clinical diagnosis of an anxiety disorder (e.g., general anxiety, panic, social anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder) or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
35 | Secondary | 2 | 79 | -0.100 | 0.201 | 35 | -0.052 | 0.246 | 37 | -0.438 | 0.031 |
Parental stress^ Stress reported by a parent, typically measured on a validated scale such as the Parental Stress Index. |
35 | Secondary | 2 | 171 | -0.300 | 0.129 | 35 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.458 | 0.001 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Disruptive behavior disorder symptoms | Criminal justice system | $17 | $0 | $39 | $9 | $65 |
Labor market earnings associated with high school graduation | $109 | $256 | $140 | ($54) | $450 | |
K-12 grade repetition | $3 | $0 | $0 | $2 | $5 | |
K-12 special education | $184 | $0 | $0 | $92 | $275 | |
Health care associated with disruptive behavior disorder | $337 | $95 | $347 | $168 | $947 | |
Costs of higher education | ($17) | ($26) | ($8) | ($9) | ($61) | |
Subtotals | $632 | $325 | $519 | $207 | $1,682 | |
From secondary participant | ||||||
Major depressive disorder | Health care associated with major depression | $129 | $36 | $133 | $65 | $363 |
Mortality associated with depression | $0 | $1 | $0 | $9 | $10 | |
Anxiety disorder | Labor market earnings associated with anxiety disorder | $1,184 | $2,781 | $0 | ($592) | $3,373 |
Subtotals | $1,313 | $2,818 | $133 | ($518) | $3,747 | |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($398) | ($398) |
Totals | $1,945 | $3,143 | $652 | ($710) | $5,030 | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $1,730 | 2017 | Present value of net program costs (in 2018 dollars) | ($797) |
Comparison costs | $868 | 2010 | Cost range (+ or -) | 30 % |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Day, J.J., & Sanders, M.R. (2018). Do parents benefit from help when completing a self-guided parenting program online? A randomized controlled trial comparing Triple P Online with and without telephone support. Behavior Therapy.
Connell, S., Sanders, M.R., & Markie-Dadds, C. (1997). Self-directed behavioral family intervention for parents of oppositional children in rural and remote areas. Behavior Modification, 21(4), 379-408.
Kleefman, M., Jansen, D.E., Stewart, R.E., & Reijneveld, S.A. (2014). The effectiveness of Stepping Stones Triple P parenting support in parents of children with borderline to mild intellectual disability and psychosocial problems: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Medicine, 12, 191.
Markie-Dadds, C., & Sanders, M.R. (2006a). A controlled evaluation of an enhanced self-directed behavioural family intervention for parents of children with conduct problems in rural and remote areas. Behaviour Change, 23(1), 55-72.
Nicholson, J.M., & Sanders, M.R. (1999). Randomized controlled trial of behavioral family intervention for the treatment of child behavior problems in stepfamilies. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 30(3/4), 1-23.
Plant, K.M., & Sanders, M.R. (2007). Reducing problem behavior during care-giving in families of preschool-aged children with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(4), 362-385.
Sanders, M.R., Markie-Dadds, C., Tully, L.A., & Bor, W. (2000). The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: A comparison of enhanced, standard, and self-directed behavioral family intervention for parents of children with early onset conduct problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 624-640.