skip to main content
Washington State Institute for Public Policy
Back Button

Sunshine Circle Model

Public Health & Prevention: School-based
Benefit-cost methods last updated December 2024.  Literature review updated August 2018.
Sunshine Circle Model aims to improve social-emotional skills, behavioral regulation, and other developmental outcomes for preschool-aged children. This model is a manualized curriculum implemented in a preschool setting. A therapist, teacher, or other professional leads group sessions once or more per week for about 25 minutes. The group activities emphasize play, gentle touch, eye contact, and movement. In the included study, weekly group sessions were provided by the preschool teacher as part of the classroom curriculum in Head Start programs for one school year.
 
ALL
BENEFIT-COST
META-ANALYSIS
CITATIONS
For an overview of WSIPP's Benefit-Cost Model, please see this guide. The estimates shown are present value, life cycle benefits and costs. All dollars are expressed in the base year chosen for this analysis (2023).  The chance the benefits exceed the costs are derived from a Monte Carlo risk analysis. The details on this, as well as the economic discount rates and other relevant parameters are described in our Technical Documentation.
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant
Benefits to:
Taxpayers $2,166 Benefits minus costs $5,743
Participants $1,129 Benefit to cost ratio $31.01
Others $1,847 Chance the program will produce
Indirect $792 benefits greater than the costs 90%
Total benefits $5,935
Net program cost ($191)
Benefits minus cost $5,743

Meta-analysis is a statistical method to combine the results from separate studies on a program, policy, or topic to estimate its effect on an outcome. WSIPP systematically evaluates all credible evaluations we can locate on each topic. The outcomes measured are the program impacts measured in the research literature (for example, impacts on crime or educational attainment). Treatment N represents the total number of individuals or units in the treatment group across the included studies.

An effect size (ES) is a standard metric that summarizes the degree to which a program or policy affects a measured outcome. If the effect size is positive, the outcome increases. If the effect size is negative, the outcome decreases. See Estimating Program Effects Using Effect Sizes for additional information on how we estimate effect sizes.

The effect size may be adjusted from the unadjusted effect size estimated in the meta-analysis. Historically, WSIPP adjusted effect sizes to some programs based on the methodological characteristics of the study. For programs reviewed in 2024 or later, we do not make additional adjustments, and we use the unadjusted effect size whenever we run a benefit-cost analysis.

Research shows the magnitude of effects may change over time. For those effect sizes, we estimate outcome-based adjustments, which we apply between the first time ES is estimated and the second time ES is estimated. More details about these adjustments can be found in our Technical Documentation.

Meta-Analysis of Program Effects
Outcomes measured Treatment age No. of effect sizes Treatment N Effect sizes (ES) and standard errors (SE) used in the benefit-cost analysis Unadjusted effect size (random effects model)
First time ES is estimated Second time ES is estimated
ES SE Age ES SE Age ES p-value
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms
Clinical diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or symptoms measured on a validated scale.
3 1 102 -0.558 0.291 3 0.000 0.141 4 -0.558 0.055
Externalizing behavior symptoms
Symptoms of externalizing behavior (e.g., aggressive, hostile, or disruptive behavior) measured on a validated scale.
 3 1 102 -0.558 0.291 3 -0.307 0.219 6 -0.558 0.055
Internalizing symptoms
Symptoms of internalizing behavior (e.g., sadness, anxiety, or withdrawal) measured on a validated scale.
 3 1 102 -0.558 0.291 3 -0.558 0.291 5 -0.558 0.055
1In addition to the outcomes measured in the meta-analysis table, WSIPP measures benefits and costs estimated from other outcomes associated with those reported in the evaluation literature. For example, empirical research demonstrates that high school graduation leads to reduced crime. These associated measures provide a more complete picture of the detailed costs and benefits of the program.

2“Others” includes benefits to people other than taxpayers and participants. Depending on the program, it could include reductions in crime victimization, the economic benefits from a more educated workforce, and the benefits from employer-paid health insurance.

3“Indirect benefits” includes estimates of the net changes in the value of a statistical life and net changes in the deadweight costs of taxation.
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant
Affected outcome: Resulting benefits:1 Benefits accrue to:
Taxpayers Participants Others2 Indirect3 Total
Externalizing behavior symptoms Criminal justice system $166 $0 $366 $83 $615
Labor market earnings associated with high school graduation $391 $920 $499 $0 $1,810
K-12 special education $705 $0 $0 $352 $1,057
Health care associated with externalizing behavior symptoms $972 $275 $1,003 $486 $2,736
Costs of higher education ($77) ($65) ($21) ($39) ($203)
Internalizing symptoms K-12 grade repetition $10 $0 $0 $5 $16
Program cost Adjustment for deadweight cost of program $0 $0 $0 ($96) ($96)
Totals $2,166 $1,129 $1,847 $792 $5,935
Click here to see populations selected
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant
Annual cost Year dollars Summary
Program costs $159 2017 Present value of net program costs (in 2023 dollars) ($191)
Comparison costs $0 2017 Cost range (+ or -) 30%
In the study included in this analysis, participants spent an average of 11 hours on program activities. The per-participant cost includes the cost of staff time, teacher training, training manual, supervision, and a starter kit (Theraplay Institute, https://www.theraplay.org/). We estimate the value of staff time using average Washington State compensation costs (including benefits) for teachers as reported by the Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction (http://www.k12.wa.us/safs/PUB/PER/1617/tbl09.pdf). We assume that each teacher provides the Sunshine Circle Model to an average of 17 children, based on the number of children and classrooms in the included study.
The figures shown are estimates of the costs to implement programs in Washington. The comparison group costs reflect either no treatment or treatment as usual, depending on how effect sizes were calculated in the meta-analysis. The cost range reported above reflects potential variation or uncertainty in the cost estimate; more detail can be found in our Technical Documentation.
Benefits Minus Costs
Benefits by Perspective
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars)
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment.

Citations Used in the Meta-Analysis

Tucker, C., Schieffer, K., Wills, T.J., Hull, C., & Murphy, Q. (2017). Enhancing social-emotional skills in at-risk preschool students through Theraplay based groups: The Sunshine Circle Model. International Journal of Play Therapy, 26(4), 185.