ALL |
META-ANALYSIS |
CITATIONS |
|
Benefit-Cost Summary Statistics Per Participant | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benefits to: | ||||||
Taxpayers | $4,549 | Benefits minus costs | ($11,509) | |||
Participants | $1,068 | Benefit to cost ratio | $0.12 | |||
Others | $539 | Chance the program will produce | ||||
Indirect | ($4,563) | benefits greater than the costs | 33% | |||
Total benefits | $1,594 | |||||
Net program cost | ($13,103) | |||||
Benefits minus cost | ($11,509) | |||||
Meta-Analysis of Program Effects | ||||||||||||
Outcomes measured | Treatment age | Primary or secondary participant | No. of effect sizes | Treatment N | Adjusted effect sizes(ES) and standard errors(SE) used in the benefit - cost analysis | Unadjusted effect size (random effects model) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First time ES is estimated | Second time ES is estimated | |||||||||||
ES | SE | Age | ES | SE | Age | ES | p-value | |||||
Crime Any criminal conviction according to court records, sometimes measured through charges, arrests, incarceration, or self-report. |
1 | Primary | 1 | 842 | 0.000 | 0.050 | 10 | 0.000 | 0.050 | 20 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Test scores Standardized, validated tests of academic achievement. |
1 | Primary | 1 | 842 | 0.011 | 0.052 | 10 | 0.007 | 0.057 | 17 | 0.011 | 0.827 |
K-12 grade repetition Repeating a grade. This is sometimes called "grade retention." |
1 | Primary | 1 | 842 | -0.041 | 0.088 | 10 | -0.041 | 0.088 | 17 | -0.041 | 0.637 |
K-12 special education Placement into special education services. |
1 | Primary | 1 | 842 | -0.093 | 0.081 | 10 | -0.093 | 0.081 | 17 | -0.093 | 0.252 |
Externalizing behavior symptoms Symptoms of externalizing behavior (e.g., aggressive, hostile, or disruptive behavior) measured on a validated scale. |
1 | Primary | 1 | 842 | -0.038 | 0.050 | 10 | -0.021 | 0.031 | 13 | -0.038 | 0.447 |
Internalizing symptoms Symptoms of internalizing behavior (e.g., sadness, anxiety, or withdrawal) measured on a validated scale. |
1 | Primary | 1 | 842 | -0.052 | 0.050 | 10 | -0.052 | 0.050 | 12 | -0.052 | 0.296 |
Public assistance Any form of welfare assistance, such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) or Assistance for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). |
20 | Secondary | 1 | 842 | -0.073 | 0.060 | 29 | -0.073 | 0.060 | 39 | -0.073 | 0.224 |
Substance use disorder^ A non-specified alcohol or drug use disorder. Typically, a collection of different types of disorders reported by study authors. |
20 | Secondary | 1 | 842 | -0.008 | 0.112 | 29 | n/a | n/a | n/a | -0.008 | 0.940 |
Employment^^ Any employment, including part-time work. |
20 | Secondary | 1 | 842 | 0.000 | 0.050 | 29 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Major depressive disorder Clinical diagnosis of major depression or symptoms measured on a validated scale. |
20 | Secondary | 1 | 842 | -0.045 | 0.050 | 29 | -0.023 | 0.274 | 31 | -0.045 | 0.364 |
Detailed Monetary Benefit Estimates Per Participant | ||||||
Affected outcome: | Resulting benefits:1 | Benefits accrue to: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxpayers | Participants | Others2 | Indirect3 | Total |
||
Crime | Criminal justice system | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
Test scores | Labor market earnings associated with test scores | $298 | $701 | $370 | $0 | $1,369 |
K-12 grade repetition | K-12 grade repetition | $64 | $0 | $0 | $32 | $96 |
K-12 special education | K-12 special education | $2,769 | $0 | $0 | $1,385 | $4,154 |
Externalizing behavior symptoms | Health care associated with externalizing behavior symptoms | $77 | $22 | $80 | $39 | $217 |
Subtotals | $3,208 | $723 | $450 | $1,455 | $5,836 | |
From secondary participant | ||||||
Public assistance | Public assistance | $968 | ($353) | $0 | $484 | $1,099 |
Major depressive disorder | Labor market earnings associated with major depression | $286 | $673 | $0 | $0 | $958 |
Health care associated with major depression | $87 | $25 | $90 | $43 | $245 | |
Mortality associated with depression | $0 | $1 | $0 | $6 | $8 | |
Subtotals | $1,341 | $345 | $90 | $534 | $2,310 | |
Program cost | Adjustment for deadweight cost of program | $0 | $0 | $0 | ($6,552) | ($6,552) |
Totals | $4,549 | $1,068 | $539 | ($4,563) | $1,594 | |
Detailed Annual Cost Estimates Per Participant | ||||
Annual cost | Year dollars | Summary | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Program costs | $7,600 | 2010 | Present value of net program costs (in 2022 dollars) | ($13,103) |
Comparison costs | $1,679 | 2010 | Cost range (+ or -) | 10% |
Benefits Minus Costs |
Benefits by Perspective |
Taxpayer Benefits by Source of Value |
Benefits Minus Costs Over Time (Cumulative Discounted Dollars) |
The graph above illustrates the estimated cumulative net benefits per-participant for the first fifty years beyond the initial investment in the program. We present these cash flows in discounted dollars. If the dollars are negative (bars below $0 line), the cumulative benefits do not outweigh the cost of the program up to that point in time. The program breaks even when the dollars reach $0. At this point, the total benefits to participants, taxpayers, and others, are equal to the cost of the program. If the dollars are above $0, the benefits of the program exceed the initial investment. |
Roggman, L.A., Boyce, L.K., & Cook, G.A. (2009). Keeping kids on track: Impacts of a parenting-focused early head start program on attachment security and cognitive development. Early Education and Development, 20(6), 920-941.
Vogel, C.A., Xue, Y., Moiduddin, E.M., Carlson, B.L., & Kisker, E. (2010). Early Head Start children in grade 5: Long-term follow-up of the Early Head Start research and evaluation study sample (Final Report) (Document No. PR10-61). Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.